新品系菊花之生長與開花試驗評估

Abstract

菊花[Dendranthema ×grandiflorum (Ramat.) Kitamural]，為臺灣重要的經濟花卉之一，但目前多以代工方式生產國外品種保護之菊花插穗，使農民需負擔龐大之種苗成本；此外臺灣近十年來其栽培面積及出口量亦不斷下降。為解決菊花產業現況，須建立自有新品系菊花之生產體系。本研究以五個本土自行選育之菊花新品系A (‘粉炎’ × ‘粉火焰’)、B (母本為‘卡若里’開放授粉所得之後代)、C (母本為‘吉祥粉’開放授粉所得之後代)、D (母本為‘粉火焰’開放授粉所得之後代)、E (母本為‘秋陽’開放授粉所得之後代)做為試驗材料，期能找出適合外銷之新品種。 菊花新品系A-E於夏秋及秋冬季分別栽培於15/ 13 ℃、20/15 ℃、25/20 ℃、30/25 ℃及35/30 ℃，結果於溫度由15/13 ℃增加至35/30 ℃使所有參試品系之花下葉片數漸增。於20/15 ℃下栽培，所有參試品系於處理後至開花階段所需時間較短。品系B及C於15/13-25/20 ℃處理下可正常開花；品系A、D及E於25/20℃以上之高溫延遲或抑制花芽分化與發育。於35/30 ℃處理下皆不利所有參試品系開花，尤其以品系D在長日35/30 ℃處理100天後仍維持營養生長。 於秋冬季，品系A及E二品系於15/13-35/30 ℃處理下之花下葉片數無顯著增加。在品系B及C中花下葉片數隨處理溫度由15/13 ℃增加至35/30 ℃而增加，而品系D於高溫35/30 ℃下之花下葉片數最多。所有參試品系於15/13-25/20 ℃下皆可正常達開花階段，於30/25 ℃下所有參試品系花芽發育明顯受到延遲，若溫度持續增加至35/30 ℃則使所有參試品系之花芽發育延遲天數增加更多。以15/13 ℃與20/15 ℃溫度處理推估其開花所需週數；品系A類似7-8週反應，品系B及C為8週反應，品系D為9週反應，品系E為8-9週反應。 所有參試品系於秋冬季下，隨著栽培溫度由15/13 ℃增加至35/30 ℃花朵直徑而漸小；花朵數則漸增。品系B、C及D皆以高溫栽培(35/30 ℃)下於採收後之瓶插壽命較低溫栽培者長。所有參試品系於高溫30/25-35/30 ℃下之舌狀花彩度皆下降；明度多半隨栽培溫度增加而上升，因高溫會造成花瓣顏色偏白且較淡，而使得明度提高；色相角度隨著栽培溫度提高而於品系間具有差異，品系A及D之色相角度隨栽培溫度至35/30 ℃其花瓣色澤由粉紫色偏向白色，品系B、C及E之色相角度則變化較小。 將新品系菊花母株置於20/15 ℃及30/25 ℃下栽培，品系B及E之母株栽培於30/25 ℃之高溫下，其插穗之產量卻較低溫栽培者多，此應與高溫下葉片分化及生長速率較快有關。品系B、C及E皆於低溫20/15 ℃栽培者其插穗之葉綠素計讀值較高、莖徑較粗且插穗葉數較多。品系B及C第一次採收之插穗其根數皆以低溫20/15 ℃栽培者較多，品系E則為高溫30/ 25 ℃栽培者之根數較多；品系B之根長於低溫栽培者較長；第二次採收之插穗其根乾重於三品系當中皆以低溫20/15 ℃栽培者較重。從試驗中得知低溫20/15 ℃栽培新品系菊花母株所得之插穗其生長品質較高溫栽培者佳，且後續插穗發根之表現亦較好。 以三個不同月份(7-8月、8-9月及9-10月)栽培菊花新品系A-E，所有參試品系皆以9-10月栽培者其插穗產量較多。品系A、D及E於三個不同月份栽培母株所得插穗以低溫5±2 ℃貯藏4-16天皆可有較好之發根表現；品系B及C於三個不同月份栽培者則以貯藏4-12天其發根表現較好。地上部乾重於所有參試品系中皆隨著貯藏天數增加而呈現下降趨勢。 切花菊‘正陽’使用藍色及紅色兩種顏色之食用色素，以不同染劑溫度(25、45、65、80及90 ℃)、染劑濃度(5、10、15、20及25 g•L-1)及染色時間(1、3、5、7及9 h)進行染色處理，以其結果作為基礎數值。結果顯示以兩種顏色之食用色素染色時，適當之染劑溫度為80 ℃及90 ℃，染劑濃度20-25 g•L-1，染色時間以3-5 h處理能使花朵觀賞品質及瓶插壽命較佳。菊花新品系E白色系之花朵，依前述試驗所得到最佳染色品質之染色條件進行染色試驗，以兩種顏色(紅、藍)染劑做試驗，染色條件為染劑溫度80 ℃，染色濃度20 g•L-1，染色時間5小時。但染色後舌狀花花瓣無法均勻著色，且葉片經染色處理後其顏色會偏向紅褐色，花朵與葉片皆於染色後觀賞品質下降，因此推測適合切花菊‘正陽’之染色條件並不適用於菊花新品系E上，其染色條件應重新修正。

Chrysanthemum is one of the most important cut flowers in Taiwan. However, in the past decade, production area and export quantity have decreased in Taiwan. In additions, most growers spend lots of money to buy chrysanthemum cuttings, which have been granted with plant breeders right in European countries. To improve the situation, evaluation of self-bred lines production system is needed. Thus, this research evaluated five new chrysanthemum lines, A: ‘Feng-Yan’ × ‘Feng Huo-Yan’; and lines B, C, D, and E, obtained from open pollination with ‘Kaa Luoh-Lii’, ‘Feng Jyi-Shyang’, ‘Feng Huo-Yan’, ‘Chiu-Yang’ as mother parents, respectively. Plants of chrysanthemum lines A-E were grown at day/night temperatures of 15/ 13 ℃, 20/15 ℃, 25/20 ℃, 30/25 ℃ and 35/30 ℃ in summer and autumn, or autumn and winter. Leaf number below the inflorescence increased in all chrysanthemum lines as day/night temperature increased from 15/13 ℃ to 35/30 ℃ in summer and autumn. All chrysanthemum lines flowered earliest at 20/15 ℃. Chrysanthemum lines B and C flowered normally when grown at 15/13 to 30/25 ℃, while flowering-heat-delay of lines A, D, and E occurred at 25/ 20 ℃ or higher temperatures. All chrysanthemum lines did not reach show color stage when grown at 35/30 ℃, especially for line D, which remained vegetative growth after 35/30 ℃ treatment for 100 days. Leaf number below the inflorescence did not change in chrysanthemum lines A and E, while this leaf number increased in lines B and C, as day/night temperature increased from 15/13 ℃ to 35/30 ℃ in autumn and winter conditions. Leaf number below the inflorescence in line D was highest at 35/30 ℃. All chrysanthemum lines grown at 15/13 to 25/20 ℃ flowered normally within nine weeks, but exhibited flowering-heat-delay at 30/25 ℃ or 35/30 ℃. Calculating the days to flower in autumn and winter in plants grown at 20/15 ℃, chrysanthemum line A behaved as 7 to 8-week cultivar, lines B and C were 8-week cultivars, line D was 9-week cultivar, while line E was 8 to 9-week cultivar. Inflorescence diameter decreased as day/night temperature increased from 15/13 ℃ to 35/30 ℃ in all chrysanthemum lines in autumn and winter conditions. Inflorescence number increased as the growing temperature increased. Vase life after harvest was longest in plants grown at 35/30 ℃ in lines B, C, and D. Ray floret C* value decreased in all chrysanthemum lines grown at high temperatures of 30/25 or 35/30 ℃, while L* value increased as growing temperature increased. High temperatures ＞25/20 ℃ caused pale color in ray florets and increased the L* value. High temperature at 35/30 ℃ increased ho value and resulted in fading pink color of ray florets in lines A and D, while ho values were changed little in lines B, C, and E. Lines B and E had more cuttings in stock plants grown at 30/25 ℃ than at 20/15 ℃. Lines B, C, and E had higher SPAD-502 value, thicker stem diameter and more number of leaves per cutting in stock plants at 20/15 ℃ than at 30/25 ℃. At the first harvest, more roots found in cuttings from stock plants at 20/15 ℃ in lines B and C, but at 30/25 ℃ in line E. At second harvest, root dry weight of cuttings was higher in three lines of stock plants grown at 20/15 ℃ than at 30/25 ℃. When planted in Tao-Yuan during three different months, stock plants grown in September and October had highest cutting yield for all chrysanthemum lines. Regardless of growing month, cuttings of lines A, D, and E stored at 5±2 ℃ for 4 to 16 days had better subsequent rooting; and cuttings of line B and C stored at 5±2 ℃ for 4 to 12 days had more subsequent root growth. Shoot dry weight tended to decrease in all chrysanthemum lines when the storage duration increased. Cut flowers of chrysanthemum ‘Jeng-yang’ were treated with two dyers, various temperatures (25, 45, 65, 80 and 90 ℃), concentrations (5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 g•L-1), and durations (1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 h). The best flower color quality and longest vase life was achieved in cut flowers treated at 80 and 90 ℃ in 20 to 25 g•L-1 of two color dyers for 3 to 5 hours. However, adopting these dyeing conditions to the cut flowers of line E failed to achieve good dyeing quality. Ray florets could not be dyed uniformly and leaves were dyed in red and brown.