後冷戰時期荷蘭的歐洲安全政策

Abstract

二戰之後，荷蘭改變過去中立的傳統，改採結盟策略。荷蘭透過參與北大西洋公約組織(NATO)與大西洋遙相對望的美國結盟，是為「跨大西洋主義」。這個安全政策主軸基本上延續到冷戰結束。蘇聯垮台之後，國際體系面臨劇烈的轉變，牽動了歐洲的權力格局，連帶的也影響到了荷蘭的歐洲安全政策。 本篇論文便是聚焦荷蘭在後冷戰時期歐洲安全政策的變化，發現其依舊延續過去的「跨大西洋主義」做為戰略主軸，惟在內涵上除了持續支持北約組織之外，也納入了歐盟CFSP/ESDP的防衛力量。導致這種變化可以區分為內、外兩種因素，但主要的影響是外部因素為重。因為國際體系的變化造成權力重整，美國調整全球戰略，歐洲大國則各有盤算，使得「大西洋主義」與「歐洲主義」兩種安全路線開始競逐。於是荷蘭的歐洲安全政策便在北約與歐盟間調整拉鋸。但從新現實主義的權力觀點而言，現階段美國對歐洲依舊有防衛意願，實力上也依舊佔有優勢，因此「跨大西洋主義」仍最符合荷蘭的國家安全需要。所以儘管後冷戰的政策內涵上採用「雙管齊下」，但是大西洋主義戰略依舊是荷蘭歐洲安全政策無可取代的主旋律。

In the wake of World War II, the Netherlands ended its self-imposed neutrality, and started forming alliances with other countries by joining NATO, thereby becoming an ally of the United States and marking the emergence of“Transatlanticism”. Such an approach to security policy remained unchanged until the end of the Cold War. With the downfall of the Soviet Union, the international system underwent significant changes, tipping the balance of power in Europe and further impacting the European security policy of the Netherlands. This paper aims to explore the evolution of the European security policy of the Netherlands in the post-Cold War era. It is found that the lowland country is still pursuing transatlanticism as its strategic objective, yet its allegiance to NATO has now been coupled with the CFSP/ESDP adopted by the European Union. The trend is shaped by both domestic and international forces, with the latter holding sway. Changes in power structure have prompted the US to reassess its global strategies, while major European countries play cards close to their chest. The tug-of-war between Atlanticism/NATO and Europeanism/EU propelled the pendulum of the Netherlands’ European security policy to swing back and forth. From the perspective of neo-realism, however, the US, which maintains its military strength, remains willing to assist Europe in defense efforts. Consequently, despite the dual strategy in place, transatlanticism still meets the needs and remains at the heart of the Netherlands’ European security policy.