先秦雜家的成形及其與《韓非子》的關係

Abstract

本文的主要論述在於「先秦雜家」的研究之上，因此，對於先秦雜家的成形以及流變情況，如何來說明、分析，並加以探討傳世文獻中屬於「雜家」的《呂氏春秋》，視為本文首要研究與探索的目標。然而，在此思考之下，會發現到另一本也是傳承至今尚算完整的先秦諸子書籍──《韓非子》。其不但與《呂氏春秋》和秦國關係密切，並且與《呂氏春秋》時代相仿，勢必能與「先秦雜家」有可以溝通之處。加上長久以來，韓非與《韓非子》在思想史上均以「法家集大成」的面貌出現，故本文試著提供另一方向思考的範疇，也就是以「雜家的眼光」做為研究與觀察的方式。因此，本文對於「先秦雜家」的研究成果，進而藉由《呂氏春秋》為一基準點，一併合以思索、討論《韓非子》一書，對其進行成書背景、思想內容甚至「文學」發展等各方面的析論，找出許多能在「先秦雜家」與《韓非子》之間，所謂能「互動」的交流型態。而藉此也可以使我們了解到，先秦學術的交互融合的風貌，進而也梳理出它們自身的價值以及留給後人的影響。 文章結構上，本文共分為四章。第一章是有關於本文如何地提出各式各樣的相關問題，構成動機。並且清楚解釋所用的方法為何？研究的範圍界定在何處？第二章為本文立論「先秦雜家」時所要釐清和解釋的種種研究：由「雜」字本身的原義出發，並藉由圖書目錄的資料，以及相關的歷史背景來加以考證與觀察「雜家」的流變、成形等過程。在本章節最後更強調出較為完整、可供研究基準的傳世文獻──《呂氏春秋》其價值所在，及其思想取向。第三章乃針對《韓非子》一書與上面所論述的「先秦雜家」進行「互動」的觀察，從相傳的作者韓非與秦國的關係進入，進而對於《韓非子》一書採取與「先秦雜家」各方面的探討。第四章不僅是總結前三章的種種論點，並整理出本研究所獲得的成績。更經由本篇研究，開啟一些思索先秦學術的延伸性問題，作為本文的結語。

This thesis focuses on the emergence and development of the school of zajia 雜家in the pre-Qin era. Specific attention will be given to Lüshi chunqiu 呂氏春秋, a book that fits squarely in the zajia tradition. Another book, Hanfeizi 韓非子, while not of the zajia tradition, is a contemporary work with Lüshi chunqiu and has a strong connection with the kingdom of Qin 秦國. As a result, Hanfeizi should bear some points of commonality with pre-Qin zajia thought. Although Hanfeizi has long been viewed as the synthesis and culmination of Legalism, at the time the various schools of thought drew from each other. Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that some zajia thought should be found in it. In this regard, Lüshi chunqiu will be used as a benchmark of pre-Qin zajia thought in order to explore deeper dimensions of Hanfeizi, including its background, philosophical thought, and literary quality. This will reveal, to a greater degree, the type of “interaction” that occurred between the zajia and Hanfeizi. A clearer view of the interaction between the various schools of thought will emerge, allowing us to understand better their intrinsic value and influence on later generations. The thesis is divided into four chapters. Chapter 1 contains an introduction and explanation on research motivations, methods, and limitations. Chapter 2 provides necessary research and background information needed to properly address the topic at hand. This includes discussion on the formation and development of zajia in the pre-Qin era by researching original meaning of the character za 雜, and then adding information gleaned from ancient bibliographies on books from this school of thought. At the end of this chapter, much attention is given to explaining the philosophy, value, and benchmark contained in Lüshi chunqiu. Chapter 3 examines the “interaction” between pre-Qin zajia and Hanfeizi using conclusions from previous chapters. Chapter 4 presents the results and conclusions of the thesis, as well as extension questions related to this topic.