「哈瑪斯黨」的崛起：意識形態的務實趨勢

Abstract

「哈瑪斯黨」2006年在巴勒斯坦選舉的勝利使世界觀察家震驚，其影響深刻。以色列和西方國家，尤其是美國，將「哈瑪斯」的勝利視為和平過程的衝擊，連阿拉伯國家都表示焦慮。「哈瑪斯」的勝利是政治伊斯蘭歷的史上唯一由民主的過程取得政治力量的實例。由於「哈瑪斯」通常被以色列與美國刻畫了為恐怖組織，這段研究企圖了解「哈瑪斯」意識形態以及該組織對巴勒斯坦人所帶來的吸引力。實際上，「哈瑪斯」具有寬廣的目標與志向，包含宗教、社會、民族，以及軍事的志向。「哈瑪斯」與「法塔」之間的區別在於這些志向的不同比重，主要的是在宗教的目標。「哈瑪斯」按照伊斯蘭教的規定，希望建立宗教的國家，而「法塔」是世俗的組織。這段研究的目標一方面是為了了解政治伊斯蘭與「哈瑪斯」的意識形態，而另一方面描述「哈瑪斯」所面臨的挑戰以及對其意識形態的影響。研究指出，雖然從「哈瑪斯」1987年建立以來，「哈瑪斯」與「法塔」之間的衝突與競爭便很明顯，但「哈瑪斯」的領袖面對「法塔」（或以色列）時，通常採取一條實用的路線，而避免強調其極端的意識形態。由於「哈瑪斯」對民意相當敏感，當強調其極端的意識形態時，目標是試圖獲得巴勒斯坦民眾的支持。

The victory of the Hamas movement in the 2006 Palestinian legislative elections has shocked the world. Israel and the West, especially the United States, saw Hamas’ victory as a blow to the peace process, but voices in the Arab world have also shown concern. It was the first time in the history of political Islam that an Islamic movement took political power by democratic means. This research deals with what lies behind Hamas and the support it gained among Palestinians, since the movement has usually been portrayed as a terrorist organization by Israel and the West. In fact, Hamas is a broad movement, with many goals and aspirations – religious, social, national and military ones. What marks the difference between the Hamas and the Fatah movement is the emphasis given to each of those aspects, especially to the religious one. Whereas the Hamas is by definition an Islamic movement, Fatah is a secular one. This research explores the ideology of political Islam, as well as the challenges Hamas has been facing and the effect they had on the organization’s ideology and practice. The research indicates that although the tension between the Hamas and the Fatah movements has been strong ever since Hamas’ establishment in 1987, the Hamas usually followed a pragmatic line with its dealing with its enemies, rather than emphasizing its harsh ideological stance. Due to Hamas’ high sensitivity to public opinion, when it did emphasize its unique ideological stance, Hamas has done so in order to gain the support of the Palestinian people.