台灣雞蛋產業產銷垂直協調關係之研究

Abstract

雞蛋是國人重要的一項民生必需品。台灣雞蛋產業發展至今近50年，50年間都以內銷為主。各界人士對於雞蛋產銷流程所需的硬體設備（如裝蛋的箱子、洗選機器等）曾數次作出更新，但關於產業的產銷結構、制度發展卻沒有因應時代趨勢來作相對應的調整，至今仍以早期的「包銷制度」作為產業運作軸心，該制度雖然是促使產業初期能快速發展的良方，但長久下來也形成了生產者無法掌控市場資訊，及蛋價由運銷商主導報價的特殊現象。再者，多年前就有學者曾提出雞蛋產業需改進的建議及相關方案，為何至今未見成效，對此確實需作一番討論。 組織經濟學主要是由交易成本理論、代理人理論、產權理論等三大理論建構，為一探討特定議題的制度面、組織面及成員互動關係的科學方法，它在國外已風行多年，然在國內學術研究領域中仍處於萌芽階段。組織經濟學與一般理論不同的地方在於基本假設的設定，故能以不同的角度來看待問題並提出見解，此乃本研究欲以該理論進行研究的主因。 透過組織經濟學的分析，本研究認為「整合」是能促進蛋農與蛋商互動的最佳模式，而在提供蛋農與蛋商轉變的誘因後，整體產業。整合的方式可分成垂直整合及水帄整合兩種，「垂直整合」能將蛋農、蛋商納入到同一團體中，使雙方的利益關係共存共享。「水帄整合」在產業內已有具代表性的組織，即運銷合作社，本研究建議現存的中華民國雞蛋運銷合作社應往「新一代合作社」的模式進行改變。此外本研究認為雞蛋產業應施行分級訂價制，並成立一個負責運作的單位─集貨場，分級訂價制能讓蛋價確實反映出雞蛋的品質，使蛋農有提高雞蛋品質的誘因，蛋商也能獲得符合自己需求的雞蛋，而集貨場則是負責分級、訂價等作業的產業內新成員，它能以大量處理的方式達到規模經濟，並使產銷流程之效能獲得顯著提升。最後再對雞蛋產業中各成員提供建議。

Eggs are important agricultural products consumed daily by Taiwanese people. However, its marketing system remains as an “underwriting” system where wholesalers promise egg farmers that they will purchase all their production. Under this institution, egg farmers don’t care about the market situation and concentrate their attention on producing as much as they can. Wholesalers, in return, alone determine the wholesale price offered to farmers. This wholesale price then decides what the retail prices will be. Apparently, this pricing system is not fair to farmers and provide no incentive for farmers to improve the quality of their eggs. Years ago scholars proposed methods to solve this problem which benefit both farmers and wholesalers benefit. However, nothing changed in past decades and “underwriting system” still prevails until today. Thus this thesis tries to solve this issue through the study of the issue of vertical integration of egg industry. The analytical method is organization economics and case study of egg farmers, wholesalers and their organization, marketing cooperatives, and governmental agent is applied. Organization economics is different from traditional neoclassical economics. It uses some postulates about human behaviors and transaction characteristics and emphasizes the importance of institutions in effecting the choice of governance structure among the related agents in egg industry. This study concludes that vertical integration of egg farmers and wholesalers should be adopted. In addition, current marketing cooperative of egg farmers should be reorganized toward a “New generation cooperative” type where the interests of both cooperative members and cooperatives can be strengthened. A quality grading system for eggs should also be adopted to provide economic incentives for farmers. To achieve all these, egg wholesale market must be established where eggs of different qualities are graded, priced and traded. Under this new system of trading, scale economy will be achieved and marketing efficiency will be raised, too.