以語篇分析探討補文標識「ノ」「コト」的相異

Abstract

在日文中，要將動詞句、形容詞句等變換成名詞句時，常會使用到「no」及「koto」，亦即所謂的「補文標識」。不過，為何同樣一種語法中會有二種表現方式出現，而且此二種表現方法間，有何意思上的不同常使日語學習者感到困擾。特別是在中文裡不見類似用法，因此對中文母語學習者來說更是急需一個具體的分類法。本稿中試著擷取較長的句子，從前後文中觀察「no」及「koto」使用上的差異及特性，以解決許多學習者的問題。 本稿主要從意義特徵的觀點來進行研究並分為三個部分。第一部分探討「補文標識」在主格、與格、對格等不同位置出現時的差異性。而第二部分則從抒情性及論說性文章中的「補文標識」使用頻率，來探討其使用特性。最後的第三部分則依據工藤(1985)對主文述語的分類再做一次全面的討論。以下則簡略介紹考察的結果。 1. 補文標識「no」的主要功能: 從事物的內側(內視點)觀察統整某一「狀態」。而此一「狀態」具有線時間及靜態的特性。此外，依內視點的特性，衍生出情感的表明、讀者同感的喚起、焦點化、臨場感等的機能。也因此「no」於小說等抒情性文章中時常被使用。 2. 補文標識「koto」的主要功能: 從事物的外側(外視點)觀察統整某一「事」。而此一「事」具有點時間的組合及動態的特性，且於「事」的成立上，人的要素是不可或缺的。由此也可知「koto」於報紙新聞等的客觀生硬文章中時常被使用。

In Japanese, “NO” and “KOTO” are used to translate verb phrase or adjective phrase to noun phrase, that is so-called “complementizer”. However, why there are two kinds of presentation to express the same meaning and what the nuance is between these two presentations, it is easy to confuse students when they study Japanese. Especially, no similar usage in Chinese encourages us to research a systematic and specific classification for native Chinese. In this thesis, we try to extract more longer sentences to interpret the difference and characteristic of “NO” and “KOTO”. In this thesis, we observe “NO” and “KOTO” by semantic meanings and divide into three parts. First, discuss the variation of “complementizer” when they stand on the different case particles such as “GA”, “NI” and “WO”. The second part, we study the characteristic of “NO” and “KOTO” by frequency of “complementizer” in lyric and editorial article. Finally, according to the predicate classification by Dr. Kudo (1985), we analyze the characteristic fully again. The following description is the brief summary of our research. 1.The functionality of “NO” Organize a certain “state” by inner viewpoint. This “state” contains the characteristic of temporal linearity and static state. Moreover, according to the characteristic of inner viewpoint, it develops the functionality in the representation of emotion, the recall of sympathetic response and the feel of ambiance. So “NO” is usually used in lyric article such as novel. 2.The functionality of “KONO” Organize a certain “matter” outer viewpoint. This “matter” includes the characteristic of temporal combination and transient state. And the element of human is necessary in the construction of one “matter”. So “NO” is usually used in just and objective article such as News paper.