兩岸領海設定及劃定之研究

Abstract

在1982年各國通過了聯合國海洋法公約，大陸在1996年通過聯合國海洋法公約，同年2月宣布的「中華人民共和國政府關於中華人民共和國領海基線的聲明」裡，從大陸沿岸到海南島，西沙群島採用直線基線設定領海。另一方面，台灣在1999年2月宣布的「中華民國第一批領海基線、領海及鄰接區外界線」裡在台灣本島及附屬島嶼用通常、直線的混合基線設定領海。按照遵守聯合國海洋法公約的觀點(同公約第16條第1，2項)，雙方應該實行事項；「基線，或根據基線劃定的界限應在海圖上標出，或者，可以用列出各點的地理座標並註明大地基準點的表來代替。沿海國應將這種海圖或地理座標表妥為公佈，並應將各該海圖和座標表的一份副本交存於聯合國秘書長。」 然後在2004年6月，大陸與越南通過「中華人民共和國和越南社會主義共和國關於兩國在北部灣領海、專屬經濟區和大陸架的劃界協定」和「中華人民共和國政府和越南社會主義共和國政府北部灣漁業合作協定」，而劃定領海以及專屬經濟海域、大陸礁層分界線。由於中越雙方已經通過了聯合國海洋法公約的立場，關於達成協議的領海以及專屬經濟海域、大陸礁層，按照遵守聯合國海洋法公約的觀點(同公約第16條，75條，84條)，雙方應該實行上述事項。雖然確認過大陸官方發表的概念圖及其他相關圖，仍無法明確指出哪一個海域為其領海。在本論文，著眼於台灣、大陸的領海基點、基線設定及劃定，探討兩岸如何設定領海界限，鄰接區，專屬經濟海域，大陸礁層的範圍。 本研究在法律面上，承繼文獻回顧、相關研究，根據美國國務院的領海報告書「Limits in the Seas」，兩岸當局的地理座標表以及中越「北部灣劃界協定」規定，使用官方承認的海圖跟GIS，從地理面觀點明確探討測量座標系統與座標數值規格。

The 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) is an international agreement dealing with all traditional aspects of ocean governance and uses. It was signed on December 10, 1982. The People's Republic of China (PRC: China) has ratified UNCLOS in 1996. Also in 1996, China declared its first offshore base points and straight baselines from the mainland to the Hainan, ,and the Xisha (Paracel) Islands. On the other hand, the Republic of China (ROC: Taiwan) also declared its first offshore base points and straight baselines from Taiwan ,its Appurtenant Islands and the Dungsha(Pratas) Islands. On Territorial Sea, Taiwan and China must execute UNCLOS Article16 (Charts and lists of geographical coordinates on Territorial Sea) ; “The baselines for measuring the breadth of the territorial sea determined in accordance with articles 7, 9 and 10, or the limits derived therefrom, and the lines of delimitation drawn in accordance with articles 12 and 15 shall be shown on charts of a scale or scales adequate for ascertaining their position. Alternatively, a list of geographical coordinates of points, specifying the geodetic datum, may be substituted. The coastal State shall give due publicity to such charts or lists of geographical coordinates and shall deposit a copy of each such chart or list with the Secretary-General of the United Nations.” In 2004, China signed agreements with Vietnam on boundary Territorial Sea, EEZ and CS delimitations in the Tonkin (Beibu) Gulf that took effect in 2004. This was the first time for China to reach maritime delimitation agreements under UNCLOS. And both countries must execute UNCLOS Article16 and 75, 84. Although I checked these agreements, related research and UN-website, but it is not clear where and how each baseline along the both countries coastlines and islands in Beibu Gulf was drawn or not. In this master paper, from the viewpoints of international law and geography referring official declaration on Territorial Sea, related research and “limits in the sea” by US Department of State, I research the establishment and the delimitation of Cross-Strait Territorial Sea. Concerning above geographical verifications, this paper adopt GIS and Cross-Strait authorized official charts clearing up both geographical coordinates and datum.