漢宋《孝經》學論考

Abstract

早期《孝經》受漢唐學者所重視，然而宋代以降，學者對於此書的作者、時代與思想內容有所疑慮，進而對《孝經》有所批評，朱熹的《孝經刊誤》，正是這方面的代表作品。本文以經文的考釋為始，綜合宋儒、清儒與近代的出土文獻，進一步提出，《孝經》以儒家思想為骨幹，又吸收墨、道兩家的思想，是韓非以前的先秦顯學。至於《孝經》學史的研究，本文探討由漢至宋《孝經》學史的發展。漢初因其政治與制度上的理由，《孝經》恢復先秦顯學的地位，影響往後的禮制與政治；佐以讖緯的興起，《孝經》與《孝經》讖緯的衍生說法，更是深植於民間風俗，是漢代《孝經》學的主流。關於漢唐之間的空白，本文利用《孝經注疏》，論證《孝經》是魏晉六朝時期，溝通名教與自然的重要根據；另一方面，經由唐代君臣的詮釋，《孝經》脫離了災異式的思維，又發揮其所本有的諫諍觀念。進入宋代，《孝經》對司馬光等人有特殊涵義，不過在疑經考辨的風氣之下，《孝經》的影響力與重要性逐漸衰微，即使後來有陸九淵等人的努力，《孝經》的衰落已無可挽回。

The Classic of Filial Piety（《孝經》）was higly appraised by the scholars in Han and Tang Dynasty. However, the classic had been criticized due to its cinfusing author, published time and content since Song Dynasty. Hsiao Ching K'an Wu（《孝經刊誤》）by Chu Hsi（朱熹）was the representative which addressed the above questions. The current research carries on the previous awareness and aims to examine the text from the beginning, drawing the conclusion from the comments derived from the Confucianists in the Sung and Ch'ing dynasty as well as excavated texts. The result is that the author of the Classic of Filial Piety took the Confucianism as the principal ideology. Furthermore, the author absorbed the thinking of Mo（墨）and Tao（道）. The content of the Classic of Filial Piety was the dominant school before Han Fei（韓非）. Regarding the study of the Classic of Filial Piety, the current study research aims to investigate the development from Han through Song dynasty with regard to the study of the Classic of Filial Piety. The classic retained its academic standing and influenced subsequent ceremonies as well as the politics due to political reasons. The study of the classic followed the rise of Ch'en-wei（讖緯）, deriving beliefs embedded in the culture which was the mainstream in the Han dynasty. The research uses Hsiao Ching Zhushu（《孝經注疏》）to prove that the classic was the foundation of the connection between Ming Chiao（名教）and Tzu Jan（自然）in order to explain the blank between the Han and the Tang Dynasty. On the other hand, the study of the classic moved away from Tsai I（災異）and cultivated the idea of Chien Cheng（諫諍）through the Emperors and Confucians' commentary. During Song dynasty, Sima Guang（司馬光）and his party developed special concept for the classic. However, its influence died out resulted from doubts of Confucian classics. Even though there were some scholars such as Lu Jiuyuan（陸九淵）who strived for the Classic of Filial Piety, the trend was inevitable.