德國自行車使用者族群結構及使用習性之研究–以德國長期交通機動力資料庫為分析基礎

Abstract

經過 1970和1980年代的兩次世界能源危機之後，綠色交通的概念開始於德國的交通政策中佔有更重要的地位，而自行車正是綠色交通範疇中的主要運具之一。從1990年代起，德國政府主導進行了許多關於自行車的相關研究，但是在自行車旅運行為方面的研究，卻都採用由橫段性調查方法所得之資料庫為研究基礎。為了更正確的了解自行車使用及區分習慣性和非習慣性的旅運行為，本研究採用了德國長期交通機動力資料庫 ﹝MOP﹞ 作為分析基礎。 在德國有1/3 的旅行者﹝年齡 > 9歲﹞同時為自行車使用者；他們每週平均有3天使用自行車；而一週中有1/3的旅次都是由自行車完成。儘管在每個年齡階層皆有自行車使用者，但是許多其他因素如氣溫、雨量、時間、旅次目的、距離皆會顯著的影響旅行者使用自行車的意願。除此之外，旅行者之職業、對小客車之可及性、及城市大小亦都會影響旅行者對自行車使用的機率。 根據自行車使用者對自行車的使用頻率、旅次目的、及運具分配，可將自行車使用者透過叢聚分析區分為六個同質性團體─“實際型”、“依靠型”、“多重運具型”、“選擇性使用型”、“活躍型”、“週運動休閒型”。每個同質性團體皆如其名有不同的特性：實際型使用者僅由上班族和學生組成；依靠型使用者於各種旅次目的都使用自行車；多重運具型使用者對小客車的可及性比率最低，他們於通勤時使用大眾運輸工具，而在其他旅次才使用自行車；選擇性使用型使用者幾乎100%都可使用小客車，他們在各種旅次目的都使用小客車為主要運具；活躍型使用者每週花費最多時間在自行車使用上；週運動休閒型使用者每週只有一至兩天使用自行車，而且皆為長距離之自行車旅程。

After the energy crisis happened in the ‘70s, ‘80s, Germany started to change their orientations of transportation policies towards paying more attention on environmental friendly and energy saving transport and on personal safety. From ‘90s, lots of researches about cycling mobility which based on cross-sectional survey can be found. However, using cross-sectional survey can not exactly distinguish between habitual and occasional cyclist. For a better understanding of bicycle use, a multi-day and multi-period national panel survey – The German Mobility Panel (MOP) have been used in this research. A 3-3-3 rule can be concluded for cyclists: about 1/3 people (age >9) in Germany are cyclists; they use bicycle about 3 days a week; and then about 1/3 of their trips in a week are done with bicycle. Even though people in all age classes use bicycle in their daily life, but lots of factors like temperature, precipitation, time of day, trip purposes, and trip distance significantly influence people’s decision to use bicycle. People are more willing to use bicycle on a sunny day with mild temperature. Mostly between 6 o’clock in the morning and 18 o’clock in the evening. Moreover, people’s role, car accessibility, place of residence also affects the possibility of bicycle use. Students with age from 10 to 17, and Pensioners with age among 60 -69 have higher probability to use bicycle. According to their frequency of cycling, trip purposes, and use of other modes, cyclists can be divided into six homogeneous groups - “Practical Cyclist”, “Cycling Dependent”, “Multi Modal Cyclist”, “Cycling as Alternative Mode”, “Active Cyclist”, and “Cycling as Weekly Leisure Activity”. Each group has its own characteristics, e.g. practical cyclists consisted of only employed and students; cycling dependent use bicycle for every trip purposes; Multi modal cyclists have lowest car accessibility, they use public transport for commute, and bicycle for other activities; cycling as alternative mode have ca. 100% car accessibility, car is the main transport mode in every trip purpose of them; active cyclists spend the longest time with cycling in a week; cycling as weekly leisure activity ride their bicycle only one or two days for long cycling trips.