外修內攘－張栻的治學與從政

Abstract

南宋高宗、孝宗之際，由於和戰之爭造成政局混亂，抗金名臣張浚兩度為相，兩度下野，其子張栻在這樣的環境當中成長，在言論以及行事作風上，必然受到父親以及政局的影響。不論是在學術研究、政治生涯，或者是人際關係方面，張栻都是以張浚之子的角色出現。 張浚死後，張栻開始以個人能力、學行受到矚目，身為胡宏的傳人，承繼湖湘學派的張栻，開始在學術界佔有一席之地。張栻與朱熹之間展開了學術上的討論，使得張、朱兩人的學問得以更上一層樓，對於朱熹之理學體系的建構，影響甚大。 學術與政治追求的是一種平衡。從張栻的〈希顏錄〉的務本論貫穿他的一生，他不斷去追求充實務本的作為，但他的一生的終極目標是恢復中原。所以行仁在整個學術中是本，治理地方在政治生涯也是本，學術的本造就內聖，政治的本促成外王，而內聖外王一直都是張栻整體作為的一體兩面。

Zhang Shi, as Zhang Jun’s son, was affected by his father in academic and political field, even in interpersonal relationship. Zhang Shi followed his father, apt to war party, and was famous for his delicacy in political and military affairs. So Sung Kao-tsung and Sung Hsiao-tsung attach great importance to his opinions. After Zhang Shi’s father died, he relied on such backbone that he could development himself. In academic filed, his brightness made him as a successor of Hu-Shan School, and discussed about concepts of Confucian with Zhu-xi. It suggests that Zhang’s ideas affected Zhu-xi greatly. In this course, Zhang Shi found his way to Confucian ideal type and practiced actually.