媒體時代的群眾運動：試論倒扁運動的框架演變

Abstract

本研究以2006年8月至10月倒扁運動與大眾媒體的關係為研究範疇，試圖理解在一個媒體時代裡，大眾媒體做為意識型態的核心體系，與群眾運動對於公共領域的控制權如何互動、競爭及衝突，兩者又各自在哪些方面帶著脆弱性，並如何影響運動的歷史進程。 研究方法上，本文兼採動員結構分析與媒體框架分析，試圖釐清「運動組織」與「媒體組織」的互動過程，即一個「積極」的媒體組織與一個「積極」的運動如何互相作用，而既存的媒體對抗又如何造成這種政治環境；另一方面則以「媒體書寫群眾運動的方式」做為分析主軸，旨在發現媒體框架如何有意無意地形塑運動形象，並回過頭來影響、重塑運動。文中依照時間先後順序展開論述，共分為籌備期、劇場期、衝突期三階段，以期引起讀者對於新聞模式的規則和變化的注意。 結論部分，本文指出媒體對倒扁運動的主要作用在於早期的媒體動員、運動加速和中後期的運動激化、框架轉變等，而媒體與運動的互相作用也導致了群眾基礎窄化、反制運動發生以及結構惰性增強等後果。而理論意義上，本文是一個結合資源動員論與框架理論的初步嘗試，目的是希望理解媒體書寫運動的方式為何帶有重要的政治性，以及這種書寫方式的背後有哪些權力結構。實踐意義上，本文做為一個本土的具體案例研究，藉由考察某些要素來描繪首次政黨輪替後的台灣社會境況，也期待能夠說明媒體時代的力量、本質、局限，以及群眾運動所可能擁有的風險、誘惑和契機。

Of the central concern in the research is the inter-relationship between the mass media and the Anti-Bian Campaign, which was initiated in early August 2006 and went into a decline in mid-October, discussing both the way how mass media, as a core system of ideology, interact, compete, and collide with social movements in terms of the control power of public sphere, and in which aspect the two entities bear their own vulnerability as well as the effects they pose in historic process. In order to discover the courses of interaction between the protesters and the stream media, the research methods of mobilization analysis and media frame analysis are adopted to illustrate how “active” newspapers and “active” movements could have affected each other, and how the antagonism among different newspapers could have led to the current political environment. Besides, the way in which media interpret social movements is set to be the main theme to reveal how media frames shape the images of the movement and even re-build the movements with or without awareness. Based on the chronological order of the event, there are three stages: the Preparing Period, the Drama Period, and the Conflicting Period, in the attempt of clarifying the news routine and its changes during the stages, moreover, of catching readers’ attention on them. In conclusion, the major influences which media put on the movement are examined: media mobilizing, movement accelerating, movement radicalizing, and frame shifting. In addition, the “media-movement” inter-relationship also narrows down the followers’ background and contributes to “916 counter-movement” and the inertia of the political structures, particularly the ruling party DPP and the opposite party KMT. Of the theory building, the research has made an effort to combine mobilization analysis with media frame analysis to demonstrate the impact of media’s narratives upon politics and the power structure behind them. Finally, the research, while working on a local case study to put into practice, aims to depict the social circumstances in Taiwan after the first time “party-shift” by extracting and examining some essential factors. Most of all, ready to be addressed are the power, the nature, and the limit of media, as well as the risk, the temptation, and the opportunities that social movements could have in our media age.