日語動詞「飲む」以及「食う」具有的多重語意之語意分析 ─以與中文動詞「喝」以及「吃」的比較研究為中心─

Abstract

在日語的學習過程當中，如何運用適切的動詞造出正確的語句常是學習者的一大課題。解決問題的關鍵要素之一即為基本動詞所包涵的多重語意性質。大多數日語的學習者在背誦單一動詞所呈現的複數語意時，仍傾向於條列式的個別記憶，本論文的目的即在於考察這些隸屬於單一基本動詞的複數語意背後所潛藏的關連性，並以日中對照的方式探究基本語意相對應的動詞之間存在的異同點，進而鼓勵學習者能以整體的概念去背誦動詞的多重語意，並避免以「過度推論」的角度來學習日語。文中主要採用「認知語言學」當中的隱喻、借喻、提喻等比喻概念對日語動詞「飲む」、「食う」以及中文動詞「喝」、「吃」等兩組動詞的派生過程進行推論，並兼用焦點化以及意象圖式等概念建構整體語意模型。整理歸納後的主要結論陳述如下： 1.與「喝」相較之下，「飲む」所指涉的語意範圍較廣，此差異主要在於後者可分別與具有固、液、氣三態的受詞結合使用，而前者主要集中在液體名詞；且「飲む」的用法當中亦多見非生物主語文等擬人句型也是一大特徵。 2.「吃」所包涵的語意數量以及使用範圍較「食う」來的多且廣，尤其是前者呈現的多重語意結構中多見聚焦於嘴部動作而形成的派生語意以及透過比喻結構而衍生的抽象化語意，由此可推知「吃」在中文當中乃是使用頻率相當高的基本動詞之一。 3.日文動詞的「飲む」以及「食う」在多重語意結構上不論質或量的層面均相當接近，但中文動詞方面，「吃」所呈現的語意構造卻遠較「喝」來的大且複雜。其原因可歸結於中文在「吃」具備的「咀嚼行為」這個特徵上產生了「焦點化」的作用，將「吃」的語意加以擴張到在物理層次上與「吃」有所聯結的其他嘴部動作上；此外，華人社會獨有的「吃飯皇帝大」文化觀點以及社會上「弱肉強食」的競爭意識等文化要素的存在，也供給了「吃」一個拓展抽象化語意的根基。

A crucial skill for JSL students to acquire when mastering the Japanese language is to select the correct verb in constructing a sentence. The key is the understanding of the polysemy of verbs. Generally speaking, when it comes to the learning of verbs which express more than one meaning, JSL students tend to memorize each separately, rather than associating them with one another. The purpose of the thesis is to address this tendency by examining relationships between the plural meanings of select verbs and comparing them with their Chinese counterparts, investigating the difference during these two languages. The framework of the analysis is based on cognitive linguistics: by using the theory of metaphor, metonymy, and synecdoche, the thesis clarifies the semantic extension mechanism as well as the concept of focalization and image schema which form the polysemy structure expressed by the Japanese verbs 飲む（nomu） and 食う（kuu） and their Chinese counterparts. The results of the comparative analysis are summarized as follows: 1. In contrast to Chinese directional complements which only partner with liquid objects, the Japanese verb 飲む（nomu） demonstrates a broader semantic range because of it is applied to solid, liquid, gas objects. In addition, the appearance of inanimate subject sentences is also a distinguishing property of 飲む（nomu） against its Chinese counterpart. 2. The Chinese verb 吃（chi） expresses a broader semantic range and more complex polysemy structure than the Japanese verb 食う（kuu）; especially in relation to extended meanings based on the focalization of the mouth’s movement as well as abstract metaphorical meanings. The multiple utilization of吃（chi） implies that it is one of the more basic Chinese verbs which has been gradually incorporated into various formal and informal situations, and therefore has been consistently used over a long period of time. 3. The two Japanese verbs 飲むnomu and 食うkuu demonstrate similar semantic properties in regard to certain aspects; however, their Chinese counterparts reveal a totally different consequence: 吃（chi） possesses a more complicated polysemy structure than 喝（he）. This may be attributed to two hypotheses: first, because the focus is placed on the masticate behavior owned exclusively by 吃（chi）, several polysemous words associated with the movement of mouth are generated; second, the cultural concept “While we are eating, and nothing is bigger than eat” in Mandarin society, and the law of the jungle in survival, play important roles during the process of generating metaphorical meanings exhibited by the Chinese verb吃（chi）.