報紙犯罪新聞之報導手法對閱聽人認知與態度之影響研究

Abstract

國內報紙犯罪新聞的報導一直以來都飽受批評，尤其近年來各家報社為了搶發行量，在犯罪新聞的處理上特別強調羶色腥，總是以誇張、聳動的寫法來報導犯罪新聞，不僅可能影響犯罪案件相關當事人的權益，更會影響社會大眾的觀感以及司法制度的運作；然而過去相關的學術研究多以犯罪新聞的文本分析或法律規範的檢討為主，並未曾針對犯罪新聞的報導手法以實證的方式來加以討論。 因此，本研究的目的乃作為初探性的研究，以瞭解下列三點：一、報紙犯罪新聞中標明權威性的消息來源與否，對閱聽人有何影響？二、報紙犯罪新聞導言中，是否直接以故事性及特定被害人和犯罪嫌疑人的手法來描述，對閱聽人有何影響？三、報紙犯罪新聞中，對犯罪嫌疑人不利、中立或有利的報導會對閱聽人有何影響？ 本研究採用實驗室實驗法中獨立處理的實驗設計，並採取單純後測設計的方式，操弄三種報導手法（三個自變項）以探求閱聽人在認知與態度層面（即五個依變項：犯罪嫌疑人之有罪認定、新聞文本之記憶程度、喜好程度、可信程度和人權侵害）究竟受到何種影響，透過2×2×3的三因子實驗設計，以瞭解各自變項對依變項的主效應和互動效應的影響；本研究以國立台灣大學的學生共336位為研究對象，並以SPSS 11.0為分析工具，運用多因子變異數分析、多因子共變數分析、相關分析、t檢定、單因子變異數分析、Tukey’s HSD、雪菲檢定和Fisher’s LSD等統計方法來討論。 實驗結果經過統計分析後，作成以下幾點結論： 一、報紙犯罪新聞以不利於犯罪嫌疑人的描述來報導最容易使閱聽人認定犯罪嫌疑人就是真正從事犯罪的人。 二、報紙犯罪新聞在導言中直接以故事性以及特定犯罪嫌疑人和被害人的手法來報導，最容易使閱聽人認為犯罪新聞報導侵害了相關當事人的人權。 三、報紙犯罪新聞在導言中直接以故事性以及特定犯罪嫌疑人和被害人的手法來報導，最容易讓閱聽人記住新聞的內容。 四、報紙犯罪新聞在導言中僅單純報導犯罪案件的類型及說明可能的犯罪嫌疑人和被害情狀，最能獲得閱聽人的喜愛與青睞。 五、報紙犯罪新聞以客觀中立的描述比起以不利於犯罪嫌疑人的描述來報導，更能獲得閱聽人的喜愛與青睞。 六、報紙犯罪新聞以客觀中立或以有利於犯罪嫌疑人的描述來報導較容易使閱聽人相信犯罪新聞報導。 七、報紙犯罪新聞的「權威來源之標明」和「犯罪過程之指名性」的搭配組合，對於「新聞文本之可信程度」有不同的影響，亦即當犯罪新聞中標明權威性的消息來源，在導言中也僅單純報導犯罪案件的類型及說明可能的犯罪嫌疑人和被害情狀，較能獲得閱聽人的信任。 八、性別、年齡、教育程度和媒體使用頻率都帶來了程度不同的干擾效果，尤其性別和年齡最為顯著。 九、結論：提出一套最佳的報紙犯罪新聞報導手法，即（一）應清楚標明新聞內具有權威性質的消息來源，如警方、檢察官或法醫等，以獲得閱聽人的信任；（二）在犯罪新聞的導言中，應僅單純的描述究竟發生了何種犯罪案件，並分別描述本案目前可能的犯罪嫌疑人和被害人相關的被害情狀，以獲得閱聽人的喜愛和信任，減低人權侵害的可能；（三）報導語言的使用應對犯罪嫌疑人保持客觀中立的態度，以獲得閱聽人的喜愛和信任，減低閱聽人對於犯罪嫌疑人的有罪認定。

Crime news reports in domestic newspapers have always been under tremendous criticism. Especially in recent years, in order to increase their volume of circulation, newspaper agencies, in the treatment of the crime news, not only emphasize sex and violence, but also exaggerate the stories themselves. This style of reports may influence not only the rights and interests of the relevant party of the crime case, but also the impression of the general public and operation of the judicial system even more. Previous relevant academic researches mainly focus on the text analysis of the crime news or the self-criticism of legal norm, but the ways that crime news are treated have never been touched upon. The purposes of this exploratory research are to find out about the following three points: First, how is the general public influenced by the presence or absence of authoritative sources indicated in crime news reports? Second, how is the general public influenced by the ways that the leads of crime news reports are composed, i.e. the description tactics of the story and specific injured party and suspect? Third, how is the general public influenced by reports unfavorable, neutral or favorable to the suspect? This research adopted the posttest-only design of the independent-treatments design of the laboratory experiment. I try to manipulate three kinds of report tactics( three independent variables) in order to find out their influence on people’s cognition and attitude( five dependent variables: Guilty to assert , memory degree , taste degree , belief degree, and encroachment on human rights of suspect). With 2×2×3 of three factor experimental design, the main and the interactive effects among dependent and independent variables are explored. This research includes 336 students of National Taiwan University as the study objects, applies SPSS 11.0 as an analytic tools, and applies factorial ANOVA, factorial ANCOVA, Pearson’s correlation, t test, one way ANOVA, Tukey’s HSD, Scheffé’s method, and Fisher’s LSD as statistic methods. After statistical analysis, the experimental results are as follow: A.With the description unfavorable to suspects, crime news reports in newspapers are most likely to make people believe suspects guilty. B.With the tactics of direct descriptions of the story and specific suspect and injured party in the lead, crime news reports in newspapers are most likely to make people consider crime news encroaching on the rights of the relevant parties. C.With the tactics of direct descriptions of the story and specific suspect and injured party in the lead, crime news reports in newspapers are easiest to make people remember the news. D.With simple report of the crime type, possible suspects and the circumstances of the crime case in the lead, crime news reports in newspapers are most likely to attract people. E.With descriptions neutral to suspect, crime news reports in newspapers are most likely to attract people. F.With the description neutral or favorable to suspects, crime news reports in newspapers are most likely to gain people’s trust. G.There are interactive effects between “authoritative source indication” and “the tactics of the story.” With authoritative sources indicated and simple report of the crime type, possible suspects and the circumstances of the crime case in the lead, crime news reports in newspapers are most likely to win people’s trust. H.Gender, age, education and frequency of utilization of media have all brought interference results to different extent. Among them, gender and age are the most significant. I.The best way to report crime news: (1) In crime news reports, authoritative sources, such as the police, DA, or forensic investigators, should be indicated, in order to get people’s trust; (2) In the lead of crime news reports, the types of crimes, possible suspect and the circumstances of the case should be specified in order to win people’s trust and favor while decreasing the possibility of the encroachment on human rights of suspects; (3) In crime news reports, the descriptions should be neutral to the suspect, in order to win people’s trust and favor, and decrease the possibility of the public’s guilty assert on the suspect.