原住民族植物資源永續利用機制之研究－以台東縣達魯瑪克部落為例

Abstract

本文運用質性研究探討台東地區的社區林業經驗以及東魯凱族達魯瑪克部落進行植物資源永續利用的歷程。從台東林管處的田野調查資料發現，政府計畫下的社區林業，正逐漸進行林務人員思維的轉移。基層人員執行業務的心態、權力的運用、業務範圍的擴大，乃至社區林業制度的建立，正建構著一種新的機關文化變革，但目前基層人員對社區管理自然資源能力的不信任感仍重。本研究同時觀察東魯凱族達魯瑪克部落野生植物採集班的案例，分析植物資源永續利用的機制，其中外來的研究團隊扮演了很重要的角色，在對資源有限度使用的情形之下，擬將採集行為發展成部落產業，增加居民收入，同時為部落文化重建提供資金。然而，植物產量穩定度不足以及觀光附加價值的不可預測，可能是未來發展的限制因素。部落居民對採集制度提出的意見雖以經濟效益方面最多，但居民最擔心的是資源分配是否公平。採集制度最為村人稱道的是規範化的管理，而非收入的提高，可見部落期待組織化的運作能使共有資源更加公平地被使用。採集制度在初期建立了很多維護安全的規範，但對於資源分配的議題則較少處理，重構野生植物利用系統中財產權的連結，應該是未來相關研究的重點。在現行法規限制下，植物資源永續利用是以研究計畫的方式來執行，將來該如何由部落運作，社區林業是一個可以思考的方向，但應先建立部落與基層林務機關的互信基礎。

This article used qualitative research to probe into the community forestry experience of the Taitung region-and the course of sustainable plant use within the Taromak Tribe of Rukai. Based on the information from the Taitung Forest District office field surveys, community forestry under govemment's plan is gradually transforming the thinking process of the forest officials. Entry level forest officials' work attitude, use of power and the expansion of the scope of their business together with establishment of a community forestry system is starting a revolution towards a new organizational culture. However, entry level forest officials still profoundly dis trust the ability of the community to manage natural resources. This research simultaneously observed the case of wild plant gathering of Taromak Tribe of Rukai and analyzed the mechanism of sustainable plant use. In the process, outside research group played a very important role-Under limited use of resources, the group planned to turn gathering activity into a tribal industry to increase residents, income and at the same time provide funding for the rebuilding of tribal culture. However, the instability of plant output and unpredictability of the added value from tourism may be the limiting factors of future development. Although suggestions from the tribal residents mostly had to do with economic benefits, the residents worried most about the fairness of resources allocation. It was the standardized management within the gathering system that the village people praised the most, not the increase in income. Understandably, the tribe expect an organized operation will increase fair utilization of common resources. Early gathering system established many safety standards, but little regarding the topic of resources allocation. As a result, reestablishing proprietary rights within the wild plant utilization system will be the focus of future related research. Under the current regulation, sustainable plant use utilizes research method. To include tribal operation and community forestry will be a direction to consider, but mutual trust must first be established between the tribe and the entry level forestry authorities.