台灣香蕉產業要素替代之經濟效益分析

Abstract

香蕉曾於早期經濟起飛時代為我國賺取大量外匯，然而，隨著台灣由農業社會轉型成工業社會後，工資成本大幅提升，促使香蕉生產成本始終居高不下，加上香蕉黃葉病的侵害，菲律賓、厄瓜多和中南美洲等國家，藉由跨國企業大規模經營優勢，採取低價競爭之衝擊，以及近年來中國經濟發展、我國香蕉產銷嚴重失衡等各方面影響下，導致台灣香蕉產業之整體競爭力備受考驗。因此，在面對全球化競爭的挑戰下，如何降低生產成本，提高香蕉生產要素投入之經濟效率，以提升台灣香蕉產業之經貿優勢，實屬刻不容緩的議題。 本研究將歸納探討台灣香蕉產業在生產實務面所面對的問題與挑戰，並以台灣香蕉產業作為研究對象，利用經濟學理和實證分析，針對香蕉生產要素使用之技術效率、價格效率以及相對技術效率、相對價格效率與相對經濟效率等作一詳盡地解析，並提出具體可行的建議，透過調整資源配置，改善生產效率，有益於提升蕉農收益與台灣香蕉產業之整體競爭力。 依據本研究實證結果顯示，在各生產要素使用的相對經濟效率方面，以人工相對經濟效率的25.62%為最高，而肥料相對經濟效率的22.29%居次，材料相對經濟效率的4.86%則最低；依各生產要素使用之相對經濟效率高低排列，依次為人工、肥料、機工、農藥、農地、農舍機具、材料。 對於台灣香蕉產業未來展望之具體建議，應實施合理化施肥，降低肥料要素成本；加強農藥使用安全防治，以期穩定銷日市場；減少材料要素之不必要成本；擬定植蕉農地整體規劃策略，預防蕉農過度搶種香蕉，導致銷售價格大幅滑落之困境；以大規模企業化經營與機械化耕作，有效提高香蕉生產經濟效益，進而提升台灣香蕉產業之未來整體競爭力。

The banana industry had earned a large amount of foreign currency in early economic take-off era of Taiwan, however, after there was the transition from an agricultural society into an industrial society in Taiwan, the increase by a wide margin of the salary cost impelled the production cost of the banana industry to remain high all the time. In recent years, the whole competitiveness of Taiwan banana industry is tested. Under the challenge of globalization competition, how to reduce the production cost to raise the economic efficiency of factor inputs in Taiwan banana industry is really a very urgent topic. This research will treat of economic problems and challenges in production practice of Taiwan banana industry to analyze the technological efficiency, the price efficiency, relative technological efficiency, relative price efficiency and relative economic efficiency of the factor substitution in the process of producing the banana in Taiwan. Through adjusting resource distribution, we will improve the economic efficiency in Taiwan banana industry to increase benefit. The results of empirical study show that relative economic efficiency of labor is highest and relative economic efficiency of material is lowest. According to each production factor input of Taiwan banana industry, relative economic efficiency height arrange is in turn labor, fertilizer, mechanic, chemical, land, implement and material. For promoting the whole competitive ability of Taiwan banana industry in the future, we have to effectively enhance the production economic efficiency by the large-scale commercialized management and the mechanized farming.