華人在傳統與現代生活情境中的傳統與現代行為：人境互動論的觀點

Abstract

本研究採用人境互動論的觀點，探討傳統與現代的情境、心理特徵、行為、及其對個人適應的影響。研究一以質性研究法解析出華人日常生活中重要的五大類傳統情境，以及重要的五大類現代情境。研究二承續研究一的結果，採用人境互動的取徑，以701位有效樣本的資料進行統計分析，結果發現：(1)華人在面對傳統（或現代）情境時，對表現出傳統（或現代）行為之正面評估的傾向高於現代（或傳統）行為；(2)心理傳統性（或現代性）程度越高的華人，在面對各情境時，越傾向對表現出傳統行為（或現代行為）給予正面評估；(3)華人在各情境下的行為表現，確實會受人境互動之影響。研究三則以423有效樣本，探討人境互動後之行為後果對個人可能帶來的影響。經統計分析後，結果發現：(1)華人在面對傳統（或現代）情境時，表現出傳統（或現代）行為比現代行為有利於個人適應；(2)心理傳統性（或現代性）程度越高的華人，在面對各情境時，表現出傳統（或現代）行為比現代（或傳統）行為有利於個人適應；(3)人境互動後之行為確實可能影響華人之適應。綜合上述結果，我們推論：(1)採人境互動論的觀點，有助於深化華人本土心理學的研究；(2)在進行有關華人傳統與現代之心理與行為的研究時，可將影響因素擴大延伸到情境因素的影響。

The present series of studies adopted the person-situation interactive perspective, to explore traditional/modern situations, traditional/modern psychological traits, and their interactions on affecting human behaviors and adaptation. In Study 1, I used a qualitative method to delineate five each most important traditional and modern situations in the Chinese daily life. In Study 2, I followed onto exploring the effects of person-situation interactions on behaviors. With data from 701 respondents, I found that (1) Chinese gave higher positive evaluations to traditional (or modern) behaviors, as opposed to modern (or traditional) behaviors, in traditional (or modern) situations. (2) Those with higher traditional (or modern) psychological traits gave higher positive evaluations to traditional (or modern) behaviors in all situations. (3) Behaviors were affected by interactions between the person (traits) and the situation. In Study 3, I used data from 423 respondents to explore effects of person-situation interactions on adaptation. Results showed that (1) in traditional (or modern) situations, traditional (or modern) behaviors, as opposed to modern (or traditional) behaviors, were more beneficial to adaptation. (2) For those with higher traditional (or modern) psychological traits, traditional (or modern) behaviors, as opposed to modern (or traditional) behaviors, were more beneficial to adaptation in all situations. (3) Behaviors resulted from person-situation interactions affected adaptation. Overall, I conclude that (1) adopting the person-situation interactive perspective is beneficial for deepening the indigenous Chinese psychological research. (2) To understand Chinese traditional/modern psychological traits and behaviors, situational characteristics must be taken into consideration.