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完整後設資料紀錄
DC 欄位 | 值 | 語言 |
---|---|---|
dc.contributor.advisor | 羅昌發(Chang-fa Lo) | |
dc.contributor.author | Hsien Wu | en |
dc.contributor.author | 吳憲 | zh_TW |
dc.date.accessioned | 2021-06-13T07:47:33Z | - |
dc.date.available | 2011-10-21 | |
dc.date.copyright | 2011-10-21 | |
dc.date.issued | 2011 | |
dc.date.submitted | 2011-09-05 | |
dc.identifier.citation | Books
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(2005), Computers and the Internet: Braiding Irony, Paradox, and Possibility, in A COMPANION TO AMERICAN TECHNOLOGY (Carroll Pursell ed., 2005). WTO Covered Agreements Agreement on Implementation of Article VI of the General Agreement on Tariff and Trade 1994 (the Anti-Dumping Agreement), April 15, 1994, Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization, Annex 1A, Legal Instruments – Results of the Uruguay Round, 1868 U.N.T.S. 201. Agreement on Safeguards, April 15, 1994, Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization, Annex 1A, Legal Instruments – Results of the Uruguay Round, 1869 U.N.T.S. 154. Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, April 15, 1994, Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization, Annex 1A, Legal Instruments – Results of the Uruguay Round, 1867 U.N.T.S. 14. 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Oriaga, Marius, Download Internet Explorer 8 Optimized for Xbox 360, http://news.softpedia.com/news/Download-Internet-Explorer-8-Optimized-for-Xbox-360-131615.shtml. Richards, Elizabeth, How to Upload Pictures from a Cell Phone, http://www.suite101. com/content/how-to-upload-pictures-from-a-cell-phone-a75619. Samsung Announces AMOLED 12M Camera Phone, Sep. 30, 2009, http://www.sams ung.com/us/news/newsRead.do?news_seq=14807. Specification of the Sony Ericsson Yendo, available at http://www.sonyericsson.com/ cws/products/mobilephones/overview/yendo?cc=ph&lc=en#view=features_speci fications. Specifications of Nokia 9110, available at http://pdadb.net/index.php?m=specs&id=8 81&view=1&c=nokia_9110_communicator. Specifications of the Nokia 9000, available at http://pdadb.net/index.php?m=specs&i d879&c=nokia_9000_communicator. Specifications of the Nokia 9210, available at http://pdadb.net/index.php?m=specs&i d=886&view=1&c=nokia_9210_communicator. 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The Introduction on Haittemiru Therapeutic Socks, http://www.tradekorea.com/e-catal ogue/jandc83/product-detail/P00053351/Haittemiru__the_Therapeutic_Socks.ht ml. | |
dc.identifier.uri | http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/35850 | - |
dc.description.abstract | 透過GATT以及WTO的實務運作,GATT 1994第1條第1項、第3條第2項第1段以及第3條第4項之同類產品(Like Product)審查已經發展出諸多審查要件與標準,有效確保該等規範能夠有效運作。爭端解決小組以及上訴機構經常仰賴貨品之物理性質(Physical Property and Nature)、最終用途(End Use)、消費者品味與習慣(Consumer Tastes and Habits)以及關稅分類(Tariff Classification)等作為審查標的的構成要件,以作為其判斷系爭產品是否為同類產品的指標。另外,透過潛在競爭關係(potential competition)以及「假設的同類產品(Hypothetical Like Product)」的概念,實務亦承認會員能夠提出未來將發生之事實以支持其同類產品之主張。上述發展能夠幫助我們了解系爭產品之間的競爭關係,作為後續要件審查之基礎。
然而,作為判定產品競爭關係之工具,同類產品審查的有效性在遇到能夠行使其他額外功能的科技產品時將會遭受挑戰。隨著科技的發展,特定科技產品透過新組件的裝載以把新科技納入其整體結構,將能夠行使額外的新功能。因為該等新功能得以讓科技產品和原本不具競爭關係的產品在市場之中互相競爭,原本既存的市場運作機制將會受到改變。另外,科技的快速發展將會使整體情況更顯複雜,蓋隨著新產品的快速上市,市場將會經常面臨迅速的變革。因科技發展所生之物理性質、最終用途與消費者品味與習慣審查之複雜化現象,會因而讓人對於現行的實務運作是否仍然能夠有效的對產品競爭關係作界定產生疑問。 就前述疑問,本論文認為要能夠在科技產品審查的脈絡之下維持同類產品審查之效能,就必須更新現行的審查方式進行。畢竟在現行實務運作下,GATT 1994第1條與第3條的相關爭端尚未涉及對科技產品之審查;另外,現行實務缺乏同類產品要件審查順序的處理方式,在遇到科技產品時,將會因其複雜性而容易作出恣意的認定,導致對系爭產品之間的競爭關係形成錯誤的認定。就前述情況,面對科技產品,應該針對同類產品的審查界定審查構成要件的順序,並就涉及未來將發生之事實的主張建構特別的審查方法。 本論文所提出的審查順序,在第一階段會涉及和物理性質與最終用途有關之議題。在過去,實務對於物理性質的審查多鎖定在特定關鍵特性,對於最終用途反而有相對較詳細的討論。然而,本論文認為在科技產品審查的脈絡下,這樣的審查方式是不妥的,蓋缺乏有效的審查架構將可能會有錯誤評估關鍵事實之重要性的缺失。正確的審查順序應是將物理性質與最終用途設定為第一階段的審查,將涉及這兩個要件的事實整合為一個「群組(group)」,以作為後續審查消費者品味與習慣之基礎,蓋後者的審查必須處理消費者如何看待落入該群組之兩個要件之事實的相關主張。產品之最終用途的擴張,固然是重要的問題,然而物理性質之異同亦不可忽略,蓋其對於消費者如何看待系爭科技產品亦會造成影響。在這一個階段,小組的審查應著重在發現事實,而非在於比較物理性質與最終用途之異同,因為該等特性的重要性必須基於消費者對於產品的觀點才能夠確立。 接下來,就消費者品味與習慣之審查,本論文認為該要件應被定位為同類產品第二階段的審查。這個階段的審查將會著重在消費者如何看待先前第一階段所發現之產品物理性質與最終用途,蓋這些事實均是有可能會對市場造成影響之資訊。另外,對於科技產品,爭端解決小組應當就消費者對於新科技的接受程度進行審查,並避免引用其他會員之市場狀況作為其論點之基礎。於此同時,小組議應了解到所謂的「主要最終用途」之主張,乃是落入消費者品味與習慣之範圍的主張。最後,若消費者會對產品採取額外的作為進行改裝會影響競爭關系之認定時,應將其納入考慮,以作為正確界定系爭產品物理性質與最終用的指引。 最後,有關未來將發生事實之主張,本論文認為韓國含酒精飲料案(Korea – Alcoholic Beverages)所建立的標準對於科技產品不適用,因為該案的判決並未交待、也無法交代科技產品會涉及的科技發展與市場發展的不確定性。本論文從假設的同類產品概念尋求指引,並進一步針對前述之不確定性補充論述。 基於前述之分析,本論文得出結論認為藉由對既有構成要件重新定位其審查順序與扮演的功能,並針對未來將發生事實之主張之審查補充其內涵,在科技產品的脈絡下,同類產品審查在認定科技產品與其他產品之競爭關係時仍然能夠保有其精確性與有效性。這樣的發展能夠讓長久以來確立下來的同類產品要件能夠因應當代貿易環境的挑戰,捍衛GATT 1994第1條與第3條作為嚇阻歧視性措施的核心規範,確保WTO之運作之規範的效能。 | zh_TW |
dc.description.abstract | Through GATT and WTO practice, the development of criteria and standards for the review of Like Product under Articles I:1, III:2 first sentence and III:4 of the GATT 1994 has sufficiently ensure the effective review of these provisions. The criteria subject to review, namely Physical Property and Nature, End Use, Consumer Tastes and Habits and Tariff Classification, have been heavily relied upon by Panels and the Appellate Body in determining whether the products at issue are Like Products. Also, recognition of the acceptability of Future Claims under the concept of potential competition and Hypothetical Like Product has further expanded the range of claims that a Member may pursue in support of their position. These established practices provide support in understanding the competition relationship between the products at issue, serving as basis for the later stage of review.
However, the effectiveness of the review of Like Product as a tool of determining competition relations may face challenges from technology products that have incorporated additional function. Through technology development, certain technology products may be able to perform additional functions by incorporating new technology into its overall structure, which may involve adding additional components into the technology product. Such an additional function may change the relevant market dynamics by making the technology product being able to compete with other products that were originally not a subject of competition. Furthermore, the speed of technology development further complicates the situation, as changes in the market will possibly occur more rapidly with every new product being developed. The complication of the review of Physical Property and Nature, End Use and Consumer Tastes and Habits due to the involvement of technology product may lead to the question on whether current practice may still be able to sufficiently identify competition relationships between the products. This thesis is of the view that the Like Product review requires renovation in order to maintain its effectiveness under the special context of Technology Product. After all, technology product has not yet been raised as an issue under the review of Articles I and III of the GATT 1994; also, due to the complexity of technology products, the lack of a sequence of review will lead to arbitrary rulings that will misconceive the actual competition relations of the products at issue. What is required is the establishment of a sequence of review that will properly address the special situation of technology products, and a new approach to Future Claims. For the actual review process, first, this thesis will address issues regarding Physical Property and Nature and End Use. In the past, the review of Physical Property involves only comparison of key characteristics coupled with detailed analysis on End Use. However, under the context of technology products, this thesis is of the view that such an approach is not appropriate, as the lack of proper review process may lead to misconduct of not allocating the proper weight to crucial facts. The conducting of review should allocate Physical Property and Nature and End Use as the first step of review, being utilized as a “group” that will serve as basis in evaluating Consumer Tastes and Habits, which will involve evaluation of how consumers perceive facts that fall within the scope of these two criteria. While the expansion of End Use is an important factor, similarities and differences in regards to Physical Property and Nature must also be taken into account, as it may also have an effect on consumers. At this stage, the Panel’s review should focus on identifying relevant facts, not making comparison between the claims in regards to Physical Property and Nature and End Use, because the significance of these characteristics may only be properly evaluated in light of Consumer Perception. Then regarding the second issue of Consumer Tastes and Habits, this thesis is of the view that this criterion should serve as the second step of review, which involves a comparison of consumer perspective based on the Physical Property and Nature and End Use previously identified, as it may be a source of information that may affect the market. Also, for technology products, a Panel must consider the level of acceptance of the new technology at issue, and refrain from referring to the market situation of other Members as basis for its reasoning. Panels must also understand that a claim of “Major End Use” of the products is a claim under the scope of Consumer Tastes and Habits. Finally, if there is an additional consumer action of modification that may affect competition relations, Panels must also take this fact into account, serving as guidance in properly locating the Physical Property and Nature and End Use of the products at issue. To the last issue regarding Future Claims, this thesis is of the view that the Korea – Alcoholic Beverages case is not applicable to technology products, as this case did not and cannot address uncertainties arising from technology development and the market development that is specific to technology products. This thesis finds guidance from rulings regarding Hypothetical Like Product, and provides further supplementation in order to address the issues of uncertainty under technology products. Based on the above analysis, the review of technology product may still be effective and precise in determining the competition relationship between the products under the context of technology products. This further development proposed will ensure the effectiveness of Article I and III of the GATT 1994 in deterring discriminating measures which is indispensible to the functioning of the WTO. | en |
dc.description.provenance | Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-13T07:47:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ntu-100-R97a21115-1.pdf: 1188640 bytes, checksum: 80f828e56749800175d1cd53fccd28d5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 | en |
dc.description.tableofcontents | LIST OF WTO CASES IX
LIST OF GATT CASES XV CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 I. “Are Cell Phones and Digital Cameras Alike?” – The Story Begins… 1 II. The “Like Product” Criteria in the WTO Legal System 2 A. “Like Product” as a Criteria Subject to Legal Analysis 2 B. Specified Elements Aiding the Like Product Analysis 5 C. “Future Claim” in the Review of Like Product 6 III. The Special Issue of the Development of Technology 8 A. Gaining Market Advantage through Technology Development 8 B. Expansion of Function and Technology Development 10 C. The Speed of Technology Development 11 D. Technology Development and the Review of Like Product 12 IV. Identification of Issues 13 A. Technology Products does not Gain Special Attention under the like Product Review 13 B. The Lack of Formal Process of Review under Like Product 15 C. The Need to Establish a Proper Process of Review for Technology Products 16 V. Scope and Methodology of Research 17 A. Scope of Research 17 B. Methodology of Research 20 C. Definition of Terms 21 CHAPTER 2 PHYSICAL PROPERTY AND END USE ─ TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT AND CHANGES IN PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS 27 I. Previous Practice Regarding Physical Property and Nature and End Use 28 A. The Border Tax Adjustment Working Party Report 28 B. The Practice during the GATT Period 29 C. The Scope of Review adopted by WTO Panels and the Appellate Body 41 III. Issues under the Context of Technology Development 49 A. The Review of Physical Property and Nature through the Comparison of “Key Factors” 49 B. The Relatively Wide Scope of the Review of End Use 52 C. The Source of all Problems: the Lack of Proper Definition of Function regarding the Two Criteria 54 IV. The Proper Scope and Sequence of Review 56 A. Like Product as a Tool in Reflecting Competitive Relations 56 B. Consumer Tastes and Habits as the only Way of Understanding Competitive Relations 58 C. Significance of End Use when Comparing Similarities of Technology Products 61 D. “Physical Property and Nature Plus End Use” as an Indispensible Tool for the Review on Technology Products 62 E. The Sequence of Review under the Context of Technology Development 66 F. No Need to Introduce other Criteria for the Purpose of the Review of Like Product 70 V. Conclusion of Chapter 2 71 CHAPTER 3 CONSUMER TASTES AND HABITS ─ ANALYSIS OF LIKE PRODUCT UNDER CONSTANT CHANGES IN CONSUMER BEHAVIOR 75 I. Consumer Taste and Habits: a Subjective Element Facing Objective Review 75 II. Relevant Practice Regarding Consumer Taste and Habits 77 A. GATT Practice regarding Consumer Tastes and Habits 77 B. Guidance as Provided by WTO Practice 81 C. The Dominating Role of Consumer Tastes and Habits as Implied in Past Practice. 87 III. Complication of the Review of Consumer Taste and Habits in Light of Technology Development 91 A. Technology Development does not Necessarily Lead to Better Competition Relations 91 B. “Major End Use” Claims and the Review of Technology Products 92 C. “Additional Action Claims”: Possibility of Bridging Competition Relations through Consumer Action 94 IV. Analysis on the Review of Consumer Taste and Habits 96 A. The Relations between Consumer Tastes and Habits and other Criteria of Review 97 B. Conducting Review of Consumer Taste and Habits in Light of Technology Products 101 C. How to Conduct Analysis on “Major End Use” Claims 107 D. How to Conduct Review in Light of Consumer Action that may Bridge Competition Relations 111 V. Conclusion of Chapter 3 116 CHAPTER 4 THE ACCEPTABLE SCOPE OF FUTURE CLAIMS UNDER THE REVIEW OF LIKE PRODUCT 119 I. The Scope of Future Claim in This Thesis 120 A. Definition of Future Claims in this Thesis 120 B. Specific situations of Future Claim under the Context of Technology Products 123 II. The Inapplicability of the Korea – Alcoholic Beverages Case in Regards to Future Claims of Technology Products 126 A. Korea – Alcoholic Beverages case and its analysis on Potential Competition 126 B. Problems Arising from the Direct Application of the Korea – Alcoholic Beverages Case 136 C. The Need of Establishing a New Approach of Review in Regards to Technology Products 143 III. Resolving the Issues of Future Claim under the Like Product Review 145 A. The Concept of “Hypothetical Like Product” and Possible Guidance in Establishing the Threshold of Future Claims 146 B. The Review of Future Claims in light of Difficulty in Predicting Future Development of Technology Products 155 C. The Need to Refrain from Radical Introduction of the Market Situation of Other Members 157 V. Conclusion of Chapter 4: Inevitable Higher Burden of Establishing Prima Facie Case on the Party Making a Future Claim 158 CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION 161 LIST OF REFERENCES 165 | |
dc.language.iso | en | |
dc.title | 多種最終用途之科技產品之同類產品審查 - 關於審查之適當順序與範圍之分析 | zh_TW |
dc.title | Like Product Review on Technology Products serving Multiple End Uses – Analysis on the Proper Sequence and Scope of Conducting Review | en |
dc.type | Thesis | |
dc.date.schoolyear | 99-2 | |
dc.description.degree | 碩士 | |
dc.contributor.oralexamcommittee | 彭心儀(Shin-yi Peng),林彩瑜(Tsai-yu Lin) | |
dc.subject.keyword | 消費者品味與習慣,最終用途,未來將發生之事實,假設的同類產品,同類產品,最惠國待遇,國民待遇,物理性質,潛在競爭關係,科技產品,世界貿易組織, | zh_TW |
dc.subject.keyword | Consumer Tastes and Habits,End Use,Like Product,Most Favoured Nations Treatment,National Treatment,Physical Property and Nature,World Trade Organization (WTO), | en |
dc.relation.page | 171 | |
dc.rights.note | 有償授權 | |
dc.date.accepted | 2011-09-05 | |
dc.contributor.author-college | 法律學院 | zh_TW |
dc.contributor.author-dept | 法律學研究所 | zh_TW |
顯示於系所單位: | 法律學系 |
文件中的檔案:
檔案 | 大小 | 格式 | |
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ntu-100-1.pdf 目前未授權公開取用 | 1.16 MB | Adobe PDF |
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