從組構理論觀點析論鄉村社區行動─以礁溪鄉時潮社區為例

Abstract

本研究引用德國學者諾貝特•伊里亞斯(Norbert Elias)組構理論的觀點，從社區行動的過程了解鄉村社區如何發展。透過個案社區的敬老營養午餐的社區行動，探討四類行動者社群─決策社群；政府、專家社群；執行工作人員社群；以及服務對象社群，在社區行動的籌備、啟動開辦、重整，和委外經營四個分期過程當中，彼此間因政治上與經濟上的權力鏈結關係，與情感鏈結關係，形成優勢或弱勢社群，在彼此間關係發生權力不平衡，以及社會集體制約內化等變化與消長的組構形態，藉此分析影響社區發展的因素。 本研究依據個案的分析結果，歸納出以下的幾點結論： 1.展社區行動的驅力： 從社區居民理想開始，到決策社群接受並以問卷確認需求，貫徹對服務對象社群的承諾，最後變成完成政府經費補助專案計畫為目的。 2.社區權力鏈結關係的變化： 由授權到權力伸張，導致其他社群的抗衡，最後變成決策社群全面控制。 3.社區情感鏈結關係的變化：由凝聚到疏離，甚至變為消逝。 4.社會集體制約的內化對社區發展的影響： 從無制約到授予或被告知，因突發事件施以強勢的制約，使小部分社群成員內化但大部分難以內化，到最後只有接受(內化)或不接受。 基於上述的研究發現，本研究亦提出幾項相關建議： 1.社區行動者社群應維繫緊密平衡的鏈結關係； 2.優勢社群應有效運用既有的鏈結關係； 3.優勢社群應新增有益於社區發展的鏈結； 4.期望在日後將組構理論繼續應用於其他類型的社區研究，加以相互對照與比較，以建立評估社區發展的新模式。

This study aims to adopt Norbert Elias’s Figuration Theory to explore the driving force, political and economic bonds, emotional bonds and the balance of power in the process of a rural community action. The project of “elderly lunch service” in Shchau Community at Jiaushi Township was selected as the sample community action to be analyzed. Participant observation ,face-to-face interview, and documental analysis were used in data collection in this case study. The research finds that there are several driving forces in different stages of rural community action, including citizens’ expectation, decision-team’s commitment to community people, the accomplishment of government project, etc. Political, economic and emotional bonds between different actors are embedded in the community in order to activate community actions .The power balance among the actors can be destroyed due to many reasons such as over-claim of power by decision-team. Some suggestions are recommended as follows: 1. Community actors have to maintain tight and balance bonds. 2. Dominant groups should utilize existent bonds properly and carefully. 3. Dominant groups are encouraged to create new useful bonds in order to enhance community development. 4. Comparative studies are needed in the future so as to figure out various patterns of community development