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完整後設資料紀錄
DC 欄位 | 值 | 語言 |
---|---|---|
dc.contributor.advisor | 陳志傑(Chih-Chieh Chen) | |
dc.contributor.author | Tzu-Ting Yang | en |
dc.contributor.author | 楊慈定 | zh_TW |
dc.date.accessioned | 2021-06-13T06:36:35Z | - |
dc.date.available | 2008-02-08 | |
dc.date.copyright | 2006-02-08 | |
dc.date.issued | 2005 | |
dc.date.submitted | 2005-12-11 | |
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K., 'Initial size distributions and hygroscopicity of indoor combustion aerosol particles,' Aerosol Sci Technol., 19, pp. 305-316 (1993) Li, W., Montassier, N. and Hopke, P. K., 'A System to Measure the hygroscopicity of aerosol particles,' Aerosol Sci Technol., 17, pp. 25-35 (1992) Lin, J.M. and Lee, J.K., 'Vaporous and particulate-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Chinese incense smoke,' Toxicol Environ Chem., 67, pp. 105-113 (1998) Lin, J.M. and Tang, C.S., 'Characterization and aldehyde content of particulates in Chinese incense smoke,' Bull Environ Contam Toxicol., 53, pp. 895-901 (1994) Lin, J.M. and Wang, L.H., 'Gaseous aliphatic aldehydes in Chinese incense smoke,' Bull Environ Contam Toxicol., 58, pp. 374-381 (1994) Löfroth, G., Stensman, C., and Margareta, B.S., 'Indoor sources of mutagenic aerosol particulate matter: Smoking, cooking and incense burning,' Mut Res., 261, pp. 21-28 (1991) Lowengard, R.A., Peters, J.M., Cinioni, C., Buckley, J., Bernstein, L., Preston-Martin, S. and Edward, R., 'Childhood leukemia and parent’s occupation and home exposure,' J Natl Cancer Inst., 79, pp.39-45 (1987) Maclennan, R., Costa, J.D., Day, N.E., Law, C.H., Ng, Y.K. and Shanmugaratnam, K., 'Risk factors for lung cancer in Singapore Chinese, A population with high female incidence rate,' Int J Cancer., 20, pp. 854-860 (1977) Moallemi, M.K., Zhang, H. and Kumar, S., 'Numerical model of two-dimensional smoldering processes,' Combust Flame., 95, pp. 170-182 (1993) Ng, T.P. and Tan, W.C., 'Epidemiology of allergic rhinitis and its associated risk factors in Singapore,' International Journal of Epidemiology., 23, pp. 553-558 (1994) Ohlemiller, T.J., 'Smoldering combustion SPFE Handbook of Fire,' Ed. 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'Mutagenic activity of incense smoke in Salmonella typhimurium,' Bull Environ Contam Toxicol., 38, pp. 827-833 (1987) Robinson, R.J. and Yu, C.P., “Theoretical analysis of hygroscopic growth rate of mainstream and sidestream cigarette smoke particles in the human respiratory tract,” Aerosol Sci Technol., 28, pp. 21-32 (1998) Sato, S., Makino, R., Takahashi, Y., Sugimura, T. and Miyazaki T., 'Mutagenicity of smoke condensates from joss sticks,' Mut Res., 77, pp. 31-36 (1980) Schoental, R. and Gibbard, S., 'Carcinogens in Chinese incense smoke,' Nature., pp. 216-612 (1967) Wang J.H., Chao C.Y.H. and Kong W., 'Experimental study and asymptotic analysis of horizontally forced forward smoldering combustion,' Combust Flame., 135, pp. 405-419 (2003) Yaun, C.H. and Chen, C.M., 'Characterization and dispersion of particulate matter emitted from smoking, incensing, mosquito incensing in a control environment,' International Conference on Aerosol Science and Technology., pp. 313-322 (1993) 王俊龍(1998),拜香燃煙中多環芳香徑化合物組成受螢光燈照射之影響,國立台灣大學公共衛生研究所碩士論文,台北。 王玲紅(1993),拜香燃煙中脂族醛氣體之探討,國立台灣大學公共衛生研究所碩士論文,台北。 李如訓(1994),拜香原料燃煙中脂族醛氣體之探討,國立台灣大學公共衛生研究所碩士論文,台北。 張筱玲(1995),拜香燃煙中氣狀物水溶液之製突變性研究,國立台灣大學公共衛生研究所碩士論文,台北。 李建坤(1996),拜香及蚊香燃燒產生之多環芳香徑化合物,國立台灣大學公共衛生研究所碩士論文,台北。 胡淑娟、高玫鐘及龍世俊:寺廟燒香中懸浮微粒相多環芳香烴之曝露量與風險評估,2000年氣膠科技國際研討會,國立交通大學。 胡淑娟及龍世俊:兩種線香燃燒之懸浮微粒及多環芳香烴產生率之探討,2000年氣膠科技國際研討會,國立交通大學。 高玫鐘及龍世俊:寺廟內燒香產生PM10濃度之探討,1999年氣膠科技國際研討會,國立台灣大學。 高玫鐘及龍世俊:燒香對居家室內PM10濃度影響之研究,1999年氣膠科技國際研討會,國立台灣大學。 張幼珍及李繡偉:兩種拜香燃煙微粒粒徑分佈動態變化與增溼成長特性,1999年氣膠科技國際研討會,國立台灣大學。 陳弘毅(1998),火災學,鼎茂圖書。 | |
dc.identifier.uri | http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/34905 | - |
dc.description.abstract | 燃燒拜香在亞洲一般家庭是普遍的行為,拜香燃煙有關微粒的大小、形狀、濃度、化學組成已經有人研究過,然而卻少有資訊研究拜香原物料熱值、化學組成、拜香粗細及燃燒環境條件(風速、含氧量與濕度)等對氣相和微粒相污染物的排放的影響。故本研究在控制環境下模擬換氣率、悶燒與火焰燃燒不同的拜香和悶燒不同直徑的拜香,觀察燃燒拜香生成的微粒與氣態污染物的特性,瞭解拜香燃燒物微粒相中有機化學物質與其它揮發性有機物的生成,累積拜香燃燒物的特性資料,以利低污染拜香的研發,以期有助於改善因使用拜香所致的室內污染。
不同拜香經熱值與元素分析後置於測試系統悶燒,調整流量率和不同含氧量通過拜香燃燒點控制拜香燃燒從悶燒轉為無火焰燃燒,亦控制固定流量悶燒不同直徑的拜香,以變化燃燒點溫度,使用直讀式儀器分別採樣分析微粒的粒數濃度、體積濃度、粒徑分佈、CO、CO2與TVOCs,並使用閉口式濾紙夾搭配37 mm石英濾紙採取總懸浮微粒後稱重分析和使用活性碳吸附管採取揮發性有機污染物,藉氣相層析質譜儀定性和定量有機化學物質。 在大氣含氧量下,當流量率在1~15 L/min時,拜香的燃燒速率隨流量率的增加而加速,氣流量率超過15 L/min時,氣流有意義的降低燃燒點的表面溫度,燃燒速率逐漸緩降,此時CO、CO2、TVOCs與微粒數目、體積或質量的排放率與排放因子亦趨於穩定,但燃燒效率(CO2/(CO+CO2))的比值反而下降,表示燃燒愈不完全;又微粒粒數及體積中位數粒徑,隨氣流流量率的上升呈現下降趨勢,主要為微粒膠結效應減弱。 固定氣流(5 L/min)正常大氣含氧量條件下,悶燒拜香D與E原料分別組成三種直徑的拜香,燃燒速率及燃燒點溫度皆隨拜香的直徑增加呈現比例的增加。隨者拜香直徑加粗,燃燒點溫度升高,數目、質量及體積粒徑中位數亦隨著變大,數目濃度及體積濃度亦增加,但每克拜香所產生的數目、質量及體積排放因子則呈現降低,氣相CO、CO2與TVOCs的濃度隨者拜香直徑的加大而增加,其排放速率亦呈現相同的趨勢。將濃度以拜香燃燒的克數歸一化成”排放因子”後,排放因子隨著拜香直徑加大而變化,CO的排放因子上升,CO2、TVOCs的排放因子則緩勢下降。另外,隨者拜香直徑的加大,燃燒效率呈現些微的下降。將燃燒速率、氣相(CO2、CO與TVOCs)和微粒相(數目、質量與體積)排放速率取自然對數皆和燃燒點平均溫度的倒數呈線性的相關且不同的香種有不同的斜率值。 不論香種(A、B與C),悶燒時燃燒點溫度自400升到650 ℃,當溫度超過大約650 ℃時瞬即轉為有火焰燃燒,其溫度範圍760升到1200 ℃。悶燒時的燃燒速率隨著燃燒點溫度的升高成比例的增加。隨氣流含氧量的增加,在悶燒期間可燃性氣體濃度(CO和TVOCs)和表面溫度亦隨之升高,當可燃性氣體濃度達到燃燒下限,且拜香表面溫度達最小著火能,則拜香從悶燒轉為有火焰的燃燒,換言之,我們所見的火焰其實是可燃性氣體在燃燒。 正常大氣含氧下,悶燒拜香A產生的微粒大於拜香B與C所產生者,其微粒的數目粒徑中位數約為200、80和100 nm,造成粒徑大小的差異,可能主要源自拜香原物料組成的差異。從悶燒到火焰燃燒相同的拜香會產生不同的微粒粒徑分佈,起因於起始的燃燒拜香所產生微粒粒數濃度差異、低揮發物濃度高低與微粒在測試腔的滯留時間,以氣膠的觀點解釋,低揮發物藉由同質成核作用形成新的小微粒與異質凝結作用(凝結在大微粒上)促使微粒長大,另外,微粒彼此互相膠結作用亦會促使微粒長大,膠結作用會降低微粒的數目濃度。拜香燃燒所產生的微粒相及揮發性有機污染物,其前者部分源自於原物料中的原形(低揮發性有機物)蒸發後再凝結在微粒表面,後者部分源自於原物料中的原形蒸發釋放到氣相,兩者皆有部分為真正燃燒的產物。 | zh_TW |
dc.description.abstract | The characteristics of incense smoke have been examined in terms of aerosol size, shape, concentration, and chemical composition. However, very limited information is available on the effect of combustion condition, heating value and the chemical composition of incense material on the characteristics of aerosol emission from smoldering incense. The objectives were to characterize the gas and particulate emission from smoldering incense in various air flow rates and from the smoldering to the flame combustion of various incenses, to make less pollutant incense and to correct the indoor contamination caused by incense burning.
Various incense sticks with known heat value and elementary analysis. Air flow rates and various oxygen contents were regulated to vary the temperature on the surface of the smoldering tip in a test chamber. Real-time instruments were used to monitor carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, TVOCs and particulates. To determine the mass concentration of the total particles 37mm filter cassette was used. Charcoal tube was used to sampling volatile organic compounds. Identifying and Quantifying Organic Compounds of Particulate Matter by GC-MS. From burning various diameter incenses, the shape of each incense burning tip demonstrated a cone appearance. The length and average surface temperatures of the cones and the burning rates increased when the incense diameters also increased. The modal aerosol sizes of the two types of incenses were approximately 80 nm (with non-visible smoke) and 200 nm (with visible smoke), respectively. The aerosol number size distribution increased with increasing incense diameters. This possibly occurred since larger incense diameters produced more low volatile organic compounds by heterogeneous condensation, and the process of coagulation increased particles sizes. The total aerosol number (volume and mass) concentrations increased with the increasing incense diameters, but emission factors decreased. CO2, CO, TVOCs concentrations, and CO emission factors increased with the increasing incense diameters, but CO2 emission factors decreased at the same time. Furthermore, the combustion efficiency decreased when incense diameters increased, indicating that smoldering coarser incenses were more incomplete. The burning-rate increases with increasing flow at 1~15 L/min, over 15 L/min high flow not only enhances the mass transfer of oxygen but also significantly increase the heat loss at the burning tip. The CO2, CO, TVOCs and the aerosol number (volume and mass) emission rates and emission factor increase along with increasing flow. The count (volume) median diameter decrease with increasing air flow because dilution effect coagulation of particles. Furthermore, the combustion efficiency in term of (CO2/(CO+CO2)) decreases with increasing flow. The temperature of the smoldering incense increased (from 400 to 650℃) with the oxygen content increased, generating a transfer flame at over 650℃. The temperature was in the range from 800 to 1200℃ during flaming combustion. Smoldering incense burned more slowly than flaming incense. Under smoldering incense and as the oxygen contents increased, both the flammable gas emission rate and the surface temperature of the incense tip increased. When both the concentrations of flammable gases increased within the combustion limits and the temperature of the incense tip grew high enough to ignite this mixture of gases, the transition occurred from smoldering to flaming combustion. The emission factors of CO, TVOCs and PM (number) during flaming combustion were lower than during smoldering combustion. The modal aerosol sizes of incense A, B and C were 200 (with visible smoke), 80 (with non-visible smoke) and 100 nm, respectively, at an oxygen content of 20 %. The varieties on the aerosol size were associated with incense materials. Smoldering and flaming incense produced the various aerosol size distributions under various oxygen contents. Those results were due to the various concentrations of low volatile vapors and initial concentrations of particles produced under various oxygen contents. By homogeneous condensations, these low volatile vapors formed new smaller particles. The particle sizes could also increase due to heterogeneous condensations of low volatile vapors on larger particles, and to coagulations of particles with each other. In addition the initial concentrations of particles were reduced due to coagulation. However, homogeneous condensation reactions increased particle concentrations. On the other hand, this study found that the partly particle phase organic compounds came from vaporized products of incense material having condensed on the surface of particles , and the gas phase organic compounds came from the vaporized products of incense materials that had been identified in the extracted liquid, and where others were known combustible products. Smoldering incense produces many toxic organic compounds, which are potential pollutant sources in indoor environment. People should avoid burning incenses in their homes. If people must burn incenses in respect for their ancestors, the information in this work suggests that smoldering incense with low-volatility material, low air flow rates, fine diameter and at a minimal burning tip temperature may release heat to maintain combustion and produce the least amount of gas and particulate organic compounds. Flaming incense can be a good method to control toxic pollutant gases due to more complete combustion. | en |
dc.description.provenance | Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-13T06:36:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ntu-94-D89844001-1.pdf: 2113891 bytes, checksum: 6574865dec5b5e1c3ece81f9f9a5b05f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 | en |
dc.description.tableofcontents | 摘 要 I
ABSTRACT III 表目錄 VII 圖目錄 VIII 附 錄 XI 一、前言 1 二、文獻探討 3 2-1拜香的組成 3 2-2自製拜香之流程 3 2-3拜香的危害 4 2-4燃燒之原理 5 2-5拜香燃燒產生微粒之物理特性 6 2-6其它相關燃燒產生微粒之物理特性 7 2-7燃燒微粒之吸濕特性 8 2-8拜香燃燒氣相與微粒相污染物成分鑑別 8 2-9室內環境中拜香燃煙所產生之微粒之去除機制 9 三、研究方法 11 3-1選擇拜香 11 3-2分析拜香的元素組成與熱值 11 3-3分析拜香原物料萃取的有機化合物 11 3-4建置燃燒測試系統 12 3-5拍攝燃燒點特色 12 3-6量測燃燒生成的總揮發性有機氣體(TVOCS)、CO、CO2等濃度12 3-7量測燃燒生成的微粒粒徑分佈 12 3-8採樣分析微粒相上的有機化合物 13 3-9採樣分析燃燒生成的氣相有機化合物 13 3-10有機化合物物種鑑別與定量 14 3-11計算與數據處理分析 14 四、結果與討論 16 4-1不同氣流流量率對拜香生成微粒與氣態污染物之影響 16 4-2悶燒不同粗細拜香對生成微粒與氣態污染物之影響 18 4-3不同含氧燃燒條件對不同拜香生成微粒與氣態污染物之影響 22 4-4不同含氧燃燒條件對不同拜香生成微粒與氣態有機污染物之影響26 4-5悶燒不同原物料所製的拜香對生成微粒與氣態污染物之影響30 4-6研究的限制 33 五、結論 34 六、建議 36 七、參考文獻 37 | |
dc.language.iso | zh-TW | |
dc.title | 健康拜香之研發:
拜香燃煙生成微粒與氣態污染物排放特性 | zh_TW |
dc.title | Development of Less-polluting incense: Characterization of Aerosol and GAS Emission from Buriing Incenses | en |
dc.type | Thesis | |
dc.date.schoolyear | 94-1 | |
dc.description.degree | 博士 | |
dc.contributor.coadvisor | 林嘉明(Jia-Ming Lin) | |
dc.contributor.oralexamcommittee | 鄭福田(Fu-Tien Jeng),洪益夫,馬一中(Yee-ChungMa),吳俊德(Jyun-De Wu) | |
dc.subject.keyword | 拜香,悶燒,微粒,毒性有機化學物質, | zh_TW |
dc.subject.keyword | Incense,Smoldering combustion,Particle,Toxic organic compound, | en |
dc.relation.page | 132 | |
dc.rights.note | 有償授權 | |
dc.date.accepted | 2005-12-12 | |
dc.contributor.author-college | 公共衛生學院 | zh_TW |
dc.contributor.author-dept | 環境衛生研究所 | zh_TW |
顯示於系所單位: | 環境衛生研究所 |
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