都市綠地系統景觀結構與鳥類群聚之相關性—以台北市公園綠地為例

Abstract

都市綠地系統係由公園、綠地、學校、國家公園、保護區等具有野生動物棲地功能的景觀結構元素所組成，相關研究亦表明景觀結構潛在地影響物種族群的分佈與群聚特性。因此，本研究主要利用統計相關性分析方法，分析都市綠地系統之景觀結構特性對物種族群與群聚特性的影響，研究結果可作為未來綠地系統規劃準則之參考。本研究之研究地點選定為台北市的二十一個公園綠地，並以公園綠地中的留鳥為研究之指標物種，分別針對各個公園綠地之景觀結構特性（面積、自然度、連接度）和公園綠地中鳥類族群與群聚特性（族群密度、群聚密度、豐富度、歧異度、均勻度、優勢度）進行調查與記錄。最後經由統計相關性來分析與檢定上述兩大類指標間的相關性，並且藉由文獻回顧的結果提出可能性的解釋。本研究提出以下的結論：一、公園綠地的各項景觀結構特性對於各種鳥類物種與鳥類群聚作用，分別具有不同的影響效果；二、公園綠地之自然度為提升鳥類物種多樣性最重要的景觀結構特性；三、公園綠地之連接度具有分散鳥類密度與降低都市性鳥類優勢化的功能。因此，本研究建議未來公園綠地的規劃，應著重在公園綠地內部自然度的加強，以提升台北市鳥類物種多樣性；此外都市中增設一些小型的「踏石島」綠地，以增加綠地間的連接度，可改善現狀鳥類優勢化的現象。

Urban green spaces are composed of parks, green sites, schools, national parks and nature preserves, which are those landscape elements capable of wildlife habitats, and some researches have indicated that landscape structure potentially influences the distribution of species and the characteristics of assemblages. Therefore, this study was based on statistical relationship analysis to investigate the result that landscape structures influences avian assemblages. The conclusions of this study could be applied as some principles of planning and designing urban green spaces in the future. Twenty-one green sites in Taipei city were selected to be the study areas, and birds to be an indicator species. The characteristics of landscape structure (i.e. the area, the naturalness and the connectivity) and the characteristics of avian assemblages (i.e. the density of species population, the density of avian assemblage, the richness, the Shannon diversity, the evenness and the dominance) in each above green site were investigated and recorded. Then, the relationship between landscape structures and avian assemblages was examined with the statistical correlation analysis, and the literature review educes some probable explanations. Study results were summarized as follows: 1.Each characteristic of landscape structure has different effects on birds of all species and their assemblage. 2. The naturalness of green sites has the most significant correlation to increasing the species diversity of birds. 3. The connectivity among green sites has significant correlation to decentralizing the population of high density and as well as to avoiding the occurrence of dominant species. For these reasons, the planning and designing work of green spaces in the future is suggested to focus on the interior of green site, and to enhance the naturalness to increase the species diversity of birds. Furthermore, adding some little “stepping stone” green sites to increase the connectivity among green sites will mitigate the phenomanon of dominant species of birds.