請用此 Handle URI 來引用此文件:
http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/34142
完整後設資料紀錄
DC 欄位 | 值 | 語言 |
---|---|---|
dc.contributor.advisor | 吳乃立(Nae-Lih Wu) | |
dc.contributor.author | Wei-Ren Liu | en |
dc.contributor.author | 劉偉仁 | zh_TW |
dc.date.accessioned | 2021-06-13T05:55:46Z | - |
dc.date.available | 2008-07-11 | |
dc.date.copyright | 2006-07-11 | |
dc.date.issued | 2006 | |
dc.date.submitted | 2006-06-29 | |
dc.identifier.citation | 1. J. -M. Tarascon and M. Armand, “Issues and challenges facing rechargeable lithium batteries,” Nature, 414 (2001) 359-367.
2. K. M. Abraham, D. M. Pasquariello, F. J. Martin,”Mixed Ether Electrolytes for Secondary Lithium Batteries with Improved Low Temperature Performance,” J. Electrochem. Soc., 133 (1986) 661-666. 3. A. J. Jacobson, R. R. Chianelli, M. S. Whittingham, “Amorphous Molybdenum-Disulfide Cathodes,” J. Electrochem. Soc., 126 (1979) 2277-2278. 4. M. S. Whitting, “Electrical Energy Storage and Intercalation Chemistry,” Science, 192 (1976) 1126-1127. 5. M. S. Whittingham and M. B. Dines, “Normal-butyllithium-effective, General Cathode Screening Agent, ” J. Electrochem. Soc., 124, (1977) 1387-1388. 6. D. L. Maricle and J. P. Mohns, US. Patent 3567515 (1971). 7. E. Peled, “The Electrochemical Behavior of Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals in Nonaqueous Battery Systems -The Solid Electrolyte Interphase Model,” J. Electrochem. Soc., 126, (1979) 2047-2051. 8. V. R. Koch, J. L. Goldman, C. J. Mattos, and M. Mulvaney, “Specular Lithium Deposits from Lithium Hexafluoroarsenate Diethyl-ether Electrolytes,” J. Electrochem. Soc., 129 (1982) 1-4. 9. D. Aurbach, Y. Gofer, and J. Langzam, “The Correlation between Surface-chemistry, Surface-morphology, and Cycling Efficiency of Lithium Electrodes in a Few Polar Arrotic Systems,” J. Electrochem. Soc., 136 (1989) 3198-3205. 10. M. Lazzari and B. Scrosati, “A Cyclable Lithium Organic Electrolyte Cell Based on Two Intercalation Electrodes,” J. Electrochem. Soc., 127 (1980) 773-734. 11. T. Nagaura and K. Tozawa, “Lithium-ion rechargeable battery,” Prog. Batt. Solar Cells, 9 (1990) 209. 12. H. J. Orman and P. J. Wiseman, “Cobalt(III) Lithium Oxide, CoLiO2: Structure Refinement by Powder Neutron Diffraction,” Acta. Cryst., 40 (1984) 12-14. 13. E. Plichta, M. Salomon, S. Slane, M. Uchiyama, D. Chua, W. B. Ebner, and H. W. Lin, “A Rechargeable Li/LixCoO2 Cell,” J. Power Sources, 21 (1987) 25-31. 14. J. Molenda, A. Stoklosa, and T. Bak, “Modification in the Electronic-structure of Cobalt Bronze LixCoO2 and the Resulting Electrochemical Properties,” Solid State Ionics, 36 (1989) 53-58. 15. G. Pistoia, Lithium Batteries, New York, Elsevier, 1994. 16. M. Winter, J. O. Bensenhard, M. E. Spahr, P. Novak, “Insertion Electrode Materials for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries,” Adv. Mater. 10 (1998) 725-763. 17. B. Scrosati, “Recent Advances in Lithium Ion Battery Materials,” Electrochim. Acta, 45 (2000) 2461-2466. 18. M. Wakihara, “Recent Developments in Lithium Ion Batteries,” Mater. Sci. Eng., R33 (2001) 109-134. 19. J. M. Tarascon, M. Armand, ”Issues and Challenges Facing Rechargeable Lithium Batteries,” Nature, 414 (2001) 359-367. 20. 吴宇平,戴晓兵,马军旗,程预江,锂离子电池-应用与实践, 化学工业出版社, 北京,2004. 21. G. –A. Nazri, Lithium Batteries – Science and Technology, Kluwer academic publishers, New York, 2004. 22. N. Imanishi, Y. Takeda, O. Yamamoto, Lithium Ion Batteries: Fundamentals and Performance, (M. Wakihara and O. Yamamoto, Eds.) Wiley, Weinheim, 1998. 23. M. Winter, J. O. Besenhard, Lithium Ion Batteries: Fundamentals and Performance, (M. Wakihara and O. Yamamoto, Eds.), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 1998. 24. J. R. Dahn, A. K. Sleigh, H. Shi, J. N. Reimers, Q. Zhong, B. M. Way, “Dependence of the Electrochemical Intercalation of Lithium in Carbons on the Crystal Structure of the Carbon,” Electrochim. Acta, 38 (1993) 1179-1191. 25. Y. Nishi, “Lithium Ion Batteries,” M. Wakihara, O. Yamamoto, Eds., Kodansha/Wiley-VCH, Tokyo/Weinheim, 1998. 26. H. Azuma, H. Imoto, S. Yamada, K. Sekai,” Advanced Carbon Anode Materials for Lithium Ion Cells,” J. Power Sources, 81-82 (1999) 1-7. 27. B. McEnaney, Carbon Materials for Advanced Technologies, T. D. Burchell, Ed., Pergamon, Elesevier, Amsterdam, 1999. 28. B. R. Puri, Chemistry and Physics of Carbon, P. Walker, P. Thrower, Eds., Marcel Dekker, New York, 6, 191, 1970. 29. J. P. Randin, Encyclopedia of Electrochemistry of the Elements, A. J. Bard, Ed., Volume VII (Carbon, Vanadium), Marcel Dekker, New York, 1976. 30. C. Hartwigsen, W. Witschel, E. Spohr, “Ab Initio Study of Structural Properties of Stage-1 Alkali Graphite Intercalation Compounds,” Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 101 (1997) 859-862. 31. M. K. Song, S. D. Hong, K. T. No,” The Structure of Lithium Intercalated Graphite Using an Effective Atomic Charge of Lithium,” J, Electrochem. Soc., 148 (2001) A1159-A1163. 32. R. Moret, “Intercalation in Layered Materials,” NATO ASI Series, M. S. Dresselhaus, Ed., Plenum, New York, Vol. B 148 (1986) 185. 33. D. Billaud, E. McRae, and A. Hérold, “Synthesis and Electrical-resistivity of Lithium-pyrographite Intercalation Compounds,” Mat. Res. Bull. 14 (1979) 857-864. 34. X. Y. Song, K. Kinoshita, and T. D. Tran, ”Microstructural Characterization of Lithiated Graphite,” J. Electrochem. Soc., 143 (1996) L120-L123. 35. J. O. Besenhard, H. P. Fritz, “The electrochemistry of Black Carbon,” Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., 95 (1983) 950-975. 36. R. Schlögl, “Progress in Intercalation Research,” W. Müller-Warmuth, R. Schöllhorn, Eds., Kluwer, Dordrecht, 1994, 83. 37. W. Rüdorff, U. Hofmann, Z. Anorg., Allg. Chem. 238 (1938) 1. 38. A. Hérold, Bull. Soc. Chim. France, 187 (1955) 999. 39. A. Hérold, “Chemical Physics of Intercalation,” NATO ASI Series, A. P. Legrand, S. Flandrois, Eds., Plenum, New York, 1987, Vol. B172, 3. 40. N. Daumas, A. Hérold, “Relations between Phase Concept and Reaction Mechanics in Graphite Insertion Compounds,” C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 268C (1969) 273. 41. W. Rüdorff, “Advances in Inorganic Chemistry and Radiochemistry,” H. J. Eméleus, A. G. Sharpe, Eds., Academic Press, New York, 1 (1959) 223. 42. N. Daumas, A. Hérold, “Chemical Properties of Insertion Compounds of Graphite – Action of Oxygen and Volatile Oxygenated Compounds on Graphite – Potassium Compounds,” Bull. Soc. Chim. 5 (1971) 1598. 43. S. A. Safran, “Chemical Physics of Intercalation,” NATO ASI Series, A. P. Legrand, S. Flandrois, Eds., Plenum, New York, 1987, Vol. B172, 47. 44. W. J. Weydanz, M. Wohlfahrt-Mehrens, R. A. Huggins, “A Room Temperature Study of the Binary Lithium–Silicon and the Ternary Lithium–Chromium–Silicon System for Use in Rechargeable Lithium Batteries,” J. Power Sources, 81-82 (1999) 237-242. 45. T. D. Hatchard and J. R. Dahn, “In Situ XRD and Electrochemical Study of the Reaciton of Lithium with Amorphous Silicon,” J. Electrochem. Soc., 151 (6) (2004) A838-A842. 46. M. N. Obrovac and Leif Christensen, “Structural Changes in Silicon Anodes during Lithium Insertion/Extraction,” Electrochem. Solid-State Lett., 7 (5) (2004) A93-A96. 47. Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams, 2nd ed. Plus Updates, Windows version, ASM International, Materials Park, OH (1996) 48. C. J. Wen and R. A. Huggins, “Chemical Diffusion in Intermediate Phases in the Lithium-Silicon system,” J. Solid State Chem. 37 (1981) 271-278. 49. C. J. Wen and R. A. Huggins, “Thermodynamic Study of the Lithium-Tin System,” J. Electrochem. Soc. 128 (1981) 1181-1187. 50. C. J. Wen, Ph.D. Dissertation, Stanford University (1980). 51. M. L. Saboungi, J. J. Marr, K. Anderson and D. R. Vissers, “Thermodynamic Analyses of the Intermetallic Compounds in the Lithium-Lead System,” J. Electrochem. Soc., 126, 8 (1979) C322-C322. 52. W. Weppner and R. A. Huggins, “Thermodynamic Properties of Intermetallic Systems Lithium-Antimony and Lithium-Bismuth,” J. Electrochem. Soc. 125 (1978) 7-14. 53. J. Wang, I. D. Raistrick and R. A. Huggins, “Behavior of Some Binary Lithium Alloys as Negative Electrodes in Organic Solvent-based Electrolytes,” J. Electrochem. Soc. 133 (1986) 457-460. 54. J. Wang, P. King and R. A. Huggins, “Investigation of Binary Lithium-Zinc, Lithium-Cadmium and Lithium-Lead Alloys as Negative electrodes in Organic Solvent-based Electrolyte,” Solid State Ionics, 20 (1986) 185-189. 55. G. X. Wang, L. Sun, D.H. Bradhurst, S. Zhong, S.X. Dou and H.K. Liu, “Nanacrystalline NiSi Alloy as an Anode Material for Lithium-Ion Batteries,” J. Alloys Comp., 306 (2000) 249-252. 56. G. X. Wang, L. Sun, D.H. Bradhurst, S. Zhong, S.X. Dou and H.K. Liu, “Innovative Nanosize Lithium Storage Alloys with Silica as Active Centre,” J. Power Sources, 88 (2000) 278-281. 57. M. Winter, J. O. Bensenhard, J. H. Albering, J. Yang and M. Wachtler, Prog. Batt. Battery Mater., 17 (1998) 208 58. J. Yang, M. Wachtler, M. Winter and J. O. Bensenhard, ”Sub-Microcrystalline Sn and Sn-SnSb Powders as Lithium Storage Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries,” Electrochem. Solid-State Lett., 2 (4) (1999) 161-163. 59. M. M. Thackeray, W. I. F. David, J. B. Goodenough, “High-temperature Lithiation of a-Fe2O3 – A Mechanistic Study,” J. Solid State Chem. 55 (1984) 280-286. 60. L. A. Picciotto, M. M. Thackeray, “Lithium Insertion into the Spinel LiFe5O8,” Mat. Res. Bull. 21 (1986) 583-592. 61. Y. Idota, M. Nishima, Y. Miyaki, T. Kubota, T. Miyasaki, EP 0651450A1, 1994. 62. I. A. Courtney and J. R. Dahn, “Electrochemical and In Situ X-Ray Diffraction Studies of the Reaction of Lithium with Tin Oxide Composites,” J. Electrochem. Soc., 144 (1997) 2045-2052. 63. H. Li., X. Huang, and L. Chen, “Anode Based on Oxide Materials for Lithium Rechargeable Batteries,” Solid State Ionics, 123 (1999) 189-197. 64. J. O. Besenhard, M. Hess, P. Komenda, “Dimensionally Stable Li-alloy Electrodes for Secondary Batteries,” Solid State Ionics, 40-41 (1990) 281. 65. J. Yang, Y. Takeda, N. Imanishi, C. Capiglia, J.Y. Xie and O. Yamamoto, “SiOx-based anodes for secondary lithium batteries,” Solid State Ionics, 152-153 (2002) 125-129. 66. H. Huang, E.M. Kelder, L. Chen and J. Schoonman, “Electrochemical characteristics of Sn1-xSiO2 as anode for lithium-ion batteries,” J. Power Sources, 81-82 (1999) 362-367. 67. Jin Hu, Hong Li and Xuejie Huang, “Cr2O3-Based Anode Materials for Li-Ion Batteries,” Electrochem, Solid-State Lett., 8 (1) (2005) A66-A69. 68. W. F. Liu, X. J. Huang, Z. X. Wang, H. Li, L. Q. Chen, “Studies of Stannic Oxide as an Anode Material for Lithium-Ion Batteries,” J. Electrochem. Soc. 145 (1998) 59-62. 69. J. M. Blocher JR, US Patent no. 3249509 (1966.) 70. A. Sanjurjo, M.C.H. McKubre and G.D. Craig, “Chemical Vapor Deposition Coatings in Fluidized Bed Reactors,” Surf. Coat. Tech., 39-40, (1989) 691-700. 71. A. Sanjurjo, B. J. Wood, K. H. Lau, G. T. Tong, D. K. Choi, M. C. H. McKubre, H. K. Song, D. Peters and N. Church, ”Silicon Coatings on Copper by Chemical Vapor Deposition in Fluidized Bed Reactors,” Surf. Coat. Tech., 49, (1991) 103-109. 72. A Sanjurjo, B. J. Wood, K. H. Lau, G. T. Tong, D. K. Choi, M. C. H. McKubre, H. K. Song, D. Peters and N. Church, “Titanium-based Coatings on Copper by Chemical Vapor Deposition in Fluidized Bed Reactors,” Surf. Coat. Tech., 49, (1991) 110-115. 73. B. J. Wood, A. Sanjurjo, G. T. Tong and S. E. Swider, “Coating Particles by Chemical Vapor Deposition in Fluidized Bed Reactors,” Surf. Coat. Tech., 49, (1991) 228-232. 74. A. Samjurjo, K. Lau and B. Wood, “Chemical Vapor Deposition in Fluidized Bed Reactors,” Surf. Coat. Tech., 54-55, (1992) 219-223. 75. A. Sanjurjo and B. J. Wood, “Coating a Substrate in a Fluidized Bed Maintained at a Temperature below the Vaporization Temperature of the Resulting Coating Composition,” US Patent no. 5171734, (1992). 76. C.C. Chen, S.W. Chen and Y.W. Yen, “in AIChE Symposium Series, Vol. 92: Progress in Fluidization and Fluid Particle Systems,” edited by D. King, (AIChE, NEW York, 1996). 77. J.L. Kaae, “Codeposition of Compounds by Chemical Vapor Deposition in a Fluidized Bed of Particles,” Ceram. Eng. Sci. Proc., 9, 9-10, (1998) 1159-1168. 78. K. H. Lau, A. Sanjurjo and B. J. Wood, “Aluminum and Alumina Coatings on Copper by Chemical Vapor-Deposition in Fluidized-bed reactors,” Surf. Coat. Tech., 54-55, (1992) 234. 79. K. Tsugeki, T. kato, Y. Koyanagi, K. Kusakabe and S. Morooka, “Electroconductivity of Sintered Bodies of a-Al2O3-TiN Composite Prepared by CVD Reaction in a Fluidized Bed,” J. Mater. Sci., 28, 3168-3172 (1993). 80. S. Kinkel, G. N. Angelopoulos and W. Dahl, “Formation of TiC coatings on steels by a fluidized bed chemical vapour deposition process,” Surf. Coat. Tech., 64, 119-125 (1994). 81. Alain C. Pierre, Introduction to Sol-gel Processing, Kluwer academic publishers, London, (1998). 82. P. C. Hiemenz, Principles of Colloid and Surface Chemistry, Marcel Dekker, New York (1997). 83. M. Sherif El-Eskandarany, Mechanical Alloying: for Fabrication of Advanced Engineering Materials, William Andrew, New York (2001). 84. E. W. Washburn, “A Method of Determining the Distribution of Pore Sizes in a Porous Material,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A, 7, (1921)115. 85. J. Wolfenstine, “CaSi2 as Anode for Lithium-Ion Batteries,” J. Power Sources, 124 (2003) 241-245. 86. H. Dong, R. X. Feng, X. P. Ai, Y. L. Cao, H. X. Yang, “Structural and Electrochemical Characterization of Fe-Si/C Composite Anodes for Li-Ion Batteries Synthesized by Mechanical Alloying,” Electrochim. Acta, 49 (2004) 5217-5222. 87. II-seok Kim, G. E. Blomgren, and P. N. Kumta, “Si-SiC Nanocomposite Anodes Synthesized Using High-energy Mechanical Milling,” J. Power Sources, 130 (2004) 275-280. 88. P. Patel, II-Seok Kim, and P. N. Kumta, “Nanocomposites of Silicon/titanium carbide Synthesized Using High-energy Mechanical Milling for Use as Anodes in Lithium-Ion Batteries,” Mat. Sci. Eng. B-SOLID, 116 (2005) 347-352. 89. II-seok Kim, P. N. Kumta, and G. E. Blomgren, “Si/TiN Nanoocmposites Novel Anode Materials for Li-Ion Batteries,” Electrochem. Solid-State Lett., 3 (11) (2000) 493-496. 90. X. –W. Zhang, P. K. Patil, C. Wang, A. J. Appleby, F. E. Little, and D. L. Cocke, “Electrochemical Performance of Lithium Ion Battery, Nano-Silicon-Based, Disorder Carbon Composite Anodes with Different Microstructures,” J. Power Sources, 125 (2004) 206-213. 91. S. –M. Hwang, H. –Y. Lee, S. –W. Jang, S. –M. Lee, S. –J. Lee, H. –K. Baik, and J. –Y. Lee, “Lithium Insertion in SiAg Powders Produced by Mechanical Alloying,” Electrochem. Solid-State Lett., 4 (7) (2001) A97-A100. 92. II-Seok Kim and P. N. Kumta, “High Capacity Si/C Nanocomposite Anodes for Li-Ion Batteries,” J. Power Sources, 136 (2004) 145-149. 93. G. A. Robert, E. J. Cairns, and J. A. Reimer, “Magnesium Silicide as a Negative Electrode Material for Lithium-Ion Batteries,” J. Power Sources, 110 (2002) 424-429. 94. II-seok Kim, G. E. Blomgren, and P. N. Kumta, “Nanostructured Si/TiB2 Composite Anodes for Li-Ion Batteries,” Electrochem. Solid-State Lett., 6 (8) (2003) A157-A161. 95. H. –Y. Lee and S. –M. Lee, “Graphite-FeSi Alloy Composites as Anode Materials for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries,” J. Power Sources, 112 (2002) 649-654. 96. H. Dong, X. P. Ai, and H. X. Yang, “Carbon/Ba-Fe-Si Alloy Composite as High Capacity Anode Materials for Li-Ion Batteries,” Electrochem. Commun., 5 (2003) 952-957. 97. G. X. Wang, J. H. Ahn, J. Yao, S. Bewlay, and H. K. Liu, “Nanostructured Si-C Composite Anodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries,” Electrochem. Commun., 6 (2004) 689-692. 98. Y. Liu, K. Hanai, T. Matsumura, N. Imanishi, A. Hirano, and Y. Takeda, “Novel Composites Based on Ultrafine Silicon, Carbonaceous Matrix, and the Introduced Co-milling Components as Anode Materials for Li-Ion Batteries,” Electrochem. Solid-State Lett., 7 (12) (2004) A492-A495. 99. Y. Liu, K. Hanai, J. Yang, N. lmanishi, A. Hirano, and Y. Takeda, “Morphology-stable Silicon-based Composite for Li-intercalation,” Solid State Ionics, 168, (2004) 61-68. 100. Y. Liu, K. Hanai, J. Yang, N. Imanishi, A. Hirano, and Y. Takeda, “Silicon/carbon Composites as Anode Materials for Li-Ion Batteries,” Electrochem. Solid-State Lett., 7, A369-A372 (2004). 101. G. X. Wang, J. Yao, and H. K. Liu, “Characterization of Nanocrystalline Si-MCMB Composite Anode Materials,” Electrochem. Solid-State Lett., 7, (8) A250-A253 (2004). 102. J. Xie, G.S. Cao and X.B. Zhao, “Electrochemical Performances of Si-coated MCMB as Anode Material in Lithium-Ion cells,” Mater. Chem. Phys., 88 (2004) 295-299. 103. T. Umeno and K. Fukuda, “Anode Material for Lithium Secondary Battery, Lithium Secondary Battery Using Said Anode Material, and Method for Charging of Said Secondary Battery,” EP Patent no. 1024544A2 (2000). 104. T. Umeno, K. Fukuda, H. Wang, N. dimov, T. Iwao, and M. Yoshio, “Novel Anode Material for Lithium-Ion Batteries: Carbon-coated Silicon Prepared by Thermal Vapor Decomposition,” Chem. Lett., (2001) 1186-1187. 105. M. Yoshio, H. Wang, K. Fukuda, T. Umeno, N. Dimov, and Z. Ogumi, “Carbon-coated Si as a Lithium-Ion Battery Anode Material,” J. Electrochem. Soc., 149 (12) A1598-A1603 (2002). 106. N. Dimov, S. Kugino, and M. Yoshio, “Carbon-coated Silicon as Anode Material for Lithium Ion Batteries: Advantages and Limitations,” Electrochim. Acta (2003) 1579-1587. 107. N. Dimov, K. Fukuda, T. Umeno, S. Kugino, and M. Yoshio, “Characterization of Carbon-coated Silicon Structural Evolution and Possible Limitations,” J. Power Sources, 114 (2003) 88-95. 108. X. -Q. Yang, J. McBreen, W. -S. Yoon, M. Yoshio, H. Wang, K. Fukuda, T. Umeno, “Structural Studies of the New Carbon-coated Silicon Anode Materials Using Synchrotron-based in-situ XRD,” Electrochem. Commu., 11 (2002) 893-897. 109. M. Yoshio, T. Tsumura, and N. Dimov, “Electrochemical Behaviors of Silicon Based Anode Material,” J. Power Sources, 146 (2005) 10-14. 110. N. Dimov, S. Kugino, and M. Yoshio, “Mixed Silicon-graphite Composites as Anode Material for Lithium Ion Batteries: Inference of Preparation Conditions on the Properties of the Material,” J. Power Sources, 136 (2004) 108-114. 111. A. Netz, R. A. Huggins, W. Weppner, “The Formation and Properties of Amorphous Silicon as Negative Electrode Reactant in Lithium Systems,” J. Power Sources, 119 (2003) 95-100. 112. A. Anani, R. A. Huggins, “Multinary Alloy Electrodes for Solid-state Batteries: 2. A New Li-Si-Mg Alloy Negative Electrode Material for Use in High-Energy Density Rechargeable Lithium Cells,” J. Power Sources, 38 (1992) 363-372. 113. R. A. Huggins, A. A. Anani, “Metal Silicide Electrode in Lithium Cells,” US Patent 4950566, 1990. 114. C. –K. Huang, S. Surampudi, A. I. Attia, G. Halpert, “Anode for Rechargeable Ambient Temperature Lithium Cells,” US Patent 5294503, 1994. 115. R. A. Huggins, “Alternative Materials for Negative Electrodes in Lithium Systems,” Solid State Ionics, 152-153 (2002) 61-68. 116. A. M. Wilson, J. R. Dahn, “Lithium Insertion in Carbons Containing Nanodispersed Silicon,” J. Electrochem. Soc., 142 (1995) 326-332. 117. S. Bourderau, T. Brousse, D. M. Schleich, “Amorphous Silicon as a Possible Anode Material for Li-Ion Batteries,”J. Power Sources, 81-82 (1999) 233-236. 118. T. Yoshida, T. Fujihara, H. Fujimoto, R. Ohshita, M. Kamino, S. Fujitani, The 11th IMLB, Monterey, CA, USA, Abstract No. 48, 2002. 119. S. Ohara, J. Suzuki, K. Sekine, T. Takamura,” Li Insertion/Extraction Reaction at a Si Film Evaporated on a Ni Foil,” J. Power Sources, 119-121 (2003) 591-596. 120. K. –L. Lee, J. –Y. Jung, S. –W. Lee, H. –S. Moon, and J. –W. Park, “Electrochemical Characterizations of a-Si Thin Film Anode for Li-Ion Rechargeable Batteries,” J. Power Sources, 129 (2004) 270-274. 121. J. Graetz, C. C. Ahn, R. Yazami, and B. Fultz, “Highly Reversible Lithium Storage in Nanostructure Silicon,” Electrochem. Solid-State Lett., 6 (9) (2003) A194-A197. 122. J. P. Maranchi, A. F. Hepp, and P. N. Kumta, “High Capacity Reversible Silicon Thin-Film Anodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries,” Electrochem. Solid-State Lett., 6 (9) (2003) A198-A201. 123. S. Ohara, J. Suzuki, K. Sekine, and T. Takamura, “A Thin Film Silicon Anode for Li-Ion Batteries Having a Very Large Specific Capacity and Long Cycle Life,” J. Power Sources, 136 (2004) 303-306. 124. Hunjoon Jung, Min Park, Shin Hee Han, Hyuck Lim, Seung-Ki Joo, “Amorphous Silicon Thin-Film Negative Electrode Prepared by Low Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition for Lithium-Ion Batteries,” Solid State Commun., 125 (2003) 387–390. 125. X. Yu, J. B. Bates, G. E. Jellison Jr., F. X. Hart, “A Stable Thin-Film Lithium Electrolyte: Lithium Phosphorus Oxynitride,” J. Electrochem. Soc., 144 (1997) 524-532. 126. B. J. Neudecker, N. J. Dudney, J. B. Bates,” 'Lithium-Free' Thin-Film Battery with In Situ Plated Li Anode,” J. Electrochem. Soc., 147 (2000) 517-523. 127. T. Ishihara, M. Nakasu, M. Yoshio, H. Nishiguchi, and Y. Takita, “Carbon Nanotube Coating Silicon Doped with Cr as a High Capacity Anode,” J. Power Sources, 146 (2005) 161-165. 128. G. -B. Cho, W. –C. Sin, B. –K. Lee, H. –J. Ahn, K. –K. Cho, T. –H. Nam, and K. –W. Kim, “Structural and Electrochemical Properties of C/Si/C Film Electrode,” The IMLB-2006, Biarritz, France, Abstract No. 331, 2006. 129. G. X. Wang, M. S. Park, S. A. Needham, J. Yao and H. K. Liu, “Nanostructured Anode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries,” The IMLB-2006, Biarritz, France, Abstract No. 325, 2006. 130. M. Alias, O. Crosnier, I. Sandu, G. Jestin, A. Papadimopoulos, F. L. Cras, D. M. Schleich, and T. Brousse, “Silicon/graphite Nanocomposite Electrodes Prepared by LPCVD,” The IMLB-2006, Biarritz, France, Abstract No. 328, 2006. 131. Martin Winter, Gerhard H. Wrodnigg, Jürgen O. Besenhard, Werner Biberacher and Petr Novák, “Dilatometric Investigation of Graphite Electrodes in Nonaqueous Lithium Battery Electrolytes,” Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 147 (2000) (7) 2427-2431. 132. J. Yang, B. F. Wang, K. Wang, Y. Liu, J. Y. Xie and Z. S. Wen, “Si/C Composites for High Capacity Lithium Storage Materials,” Electrochem. Solid-State Lett., 6 (2003) A154-A156. 133. G. W. Zhou, H. Li, H. P. Sun, D. P. Yu, Y. Q. Wang, X. J. Huang, L. Q. Chen and Z. Zhang, “Controlled Li Doping of Si Nanowires by Electrochemical Insertion Method,” Appl. Phys. Lett., 75 (1999) 2447-2449. 134. H. Li, X. Huang, L. Chen, G. Zhou, Z. Zhang, D. Yu, Y. J. Mo and N. Pei, “The Crystal Structural Evolution of Nano-Si Anode Caused by Lithium Insertion and Extraction at Room Temperature,” Solid State Ionics, 135 (2000) 181. 135. P. Limthongkul, Young-II Jang, N. J. Dudney and Y. M. Chiang, “Electrochemically-driven Solid-state Amorphization in Lithium-silicon Alloys and Implications for Lithium Storage,” Acta Mater., 51 (2003) 1103-1113. 136. M. Green, E. Fielder, B. Scrosati, M. Wachtler and J. S. Moreno, “Structured Silicon Anodes for Lithium Battery Applications,” Electrochem. Solid-State Lett., 6 (2003) A75-A79. 137. S. Kasamatsu, H. Shimamura, and Y. Nitta, “Non-aqueous Electrolyte Secondary Battery and its Negative Electrode,” US patent No. 6,548,208 B1 (2003). 138. H. Yagi and H. Tarui, “Method for Producing Electrode for Lithium Secondary Battery,” US patent No. 6,649,033 B2 (2003). 139. L. Y. Beaulieu, T. D. Hatchard, A. Bonakdarpour, M. D. Fleischauer, and J. R. Dahn, “Reaction of Li with Alloy Thin Films Studied by In Situ AFM,” J. Electrochem. Soc., 150, (2003) A1457. 140. H. Y. Lee, Y. L. Kim, M. K. Hong, and S. M. Lee, “Carbon-coated Ni20Si80 Alloy-graphite Composite as an Anode Material for Lithium-ion Batteries,” J. Power Sources, 141 (2005) 159-162. 141. Z. Chen, L. Christensen, and J. R. Dahn, “Comparison of PVDF and PVDF-TFE-P as Binders for Electrode Materials Showing Large Volume Changes in Lithium-Ion Batteries,” J. Electrochem. Soc., 150, (2003) A1073-1078 142. D. R. St. CYR, Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Engineering, 2nd ed., Vol. 14, Chief Ed. J. I. Kroschwitz, John Wiley & Sons, New York (1985) 143. J. E. Dohany and J. S. Humphery, Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Engineering, 2nd ed., Vol. 17, Chief Ed. J. I. Kroschwitz, John Wiley & Sons, New York (1985). 144. W. R. Liu, Z. Z. Guo, D. T. Shieh, H. C. Wu, M. H. Yang, N. L. Wu, “Electrode Structure factors on Performance of Si Anode in Li-Ion Batteries: Si Particle Size and Conductive Additive,” J. Power Sources, 140, (2005) 139-144. 145. W. R. Liu, Z. Z. Guo, D. T. Shieh, H. C. Wu, M. H. Yang, N. L. Wu, “Enhanced Cycle Life of Si Anode for Li-Ion Batteries by Using Modified Elastomeric Binder,” Electrochem. Solid-State Lett., 8, (2005) A100-103. 146. M. Winter, P. Novak, and A. Monnier, “Graphites for Lithium-Ion Cells: The Correlation of the First-Cycle Charge Loss with the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller Surface Area,” J. Electrochem. Soc., 145, (1998) 428-436. 147. J. R. Dahn, T. Zheng, Y. Liu, and J. S. Xue, “Mechanisms for Lithium Insertion in Carbonaceous Materials,” Science, 270, (1995) 590-593. 148. R. de Levie, “On Porous Electrodes in Electrolyte Solution-IV” Electrochimica Acta, 9, (1964) 1231. 149. P. Limthongkul, Y-I Jang, N. J. Dudney, and Y. M. Chiang, “Electrochemically-driven Solid-state Amorphization in Lithium–metal Anodes,” J. Power Sources, 119-121, (2003) 604-609. 150. M. Ishida and C. Y. Wen, “Comparison of Kinetic and Diffusional Models for Solid-gas Reactions,” AIChE J., 14, (1968) 311. 151. Z. Ogumi, T. Abe, T. Fukutsuka, S. Yamate and Y. Iriyama, “Lithium-Ion Transfer at Interface between Carbonaceous Thin Film Electrode/Electrolyte,” J. Power Sources, 127, (2004) 72-75. 152. A. Funabiki, M. Inaba, and Z. Ogumi, “A.c. Impedance Analysis of Electrochemical Lithium Intercalation into Highly Oriented Pyrolytic Graphite,” J. Power Sources, 68, (1997) 227-231. 153. J. Hu, H. Li and X. Huang, Electrochem. Solid-State Lett., 8 (2005) A66-A69. 154. H. Y. Lee, S.M. Lee, “Graphite–FeSi Alloy Composites as Anode Materials for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries,” J. Power Sources, 112 (2002) 649-654. 155. M.D. Fleischauer, J.M. Topple and J.R. Dahn, “Cr2O3-Based Anode Materials for Li-Ion Batteries,” Electrochem. Solid-State Lett., 8 (2005) A66-A69. 156. J. H. Kim, H. Kim and H. J. Sohn, “Addition of Cu for carbon coated Si-based composites as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries,” Electrochem. Commun., 7 (2005) 557-561 157. B. C. Kim, H. Uono, T. Satou, T. Fuse, T. Ishihara, M. Uono and M. Senna, “Cyclic Properties of Si-Cu/Carbon Nanocomposite Anodes for Li-Ion Secondary Batteries,” J. Electrochem. Soc., 152 (2005) A523-A526 158. B.A. Boukamp, G.C. Lesh and R.A. Huggins, “All-solid Lithium Electrodes with Mixed-conductor Matrix,” J. Electrochem. Soc., 128 (1981) 725-729. 159. O. Chusid, Y. Ein Ely, D. Aurbach, M. Babai, and Y. Carmeli, “Electrochemical and Spectroscopic Studies of Carbon Electrodes in Li Battery Electrolyte Systems,” J. Power Sources, 43, (1993) 47-64. 160. Z. X. Shu, R. S. McMillan, and J. J. Murray, “Electrochemical Intercalation of Lithium into Graphite,” J. Electrochem. Soc., 140, (1993) 992-927. 161. Y. Ein-Eli and V. R. Koch, “Chemical Oxidation: A Route to Enhanced Capacity in Li-Ion Graphite Anodes,” J. Electrochem. Soc., 144 (1997) 2968-2973. 162. E. Peled, C. Menachem, D. Bar-Tow, and A. Melman, “Improved Graphite Anode for Lithium-Ion Batteries Chemically,” J. Electrochem. Soc., 143 (1996) L4-L7. 163. F. Disma, L. Aymard, L. Dupont, and J. M. Tarascon, “Effect of Mechanical Grinding on the Lithium Intercalation Process in Graphites and Soft Carbons,” J. Electrochem. Soc., 143 (1996) 3959-3972. 164. T. S. Ong and H. Yang, “Effect of Atmosphere on the Mechanical Milling of Natural Graphite,” Carbon, 38 (2000) 2077-2085. 165. S. –S. Kim, Y. Kadoma, H. Ikuta, Y. Uchimoto, and M. Wakihara, “Electrochemical Performance of Natural Graphite by Surface Modification Using Aluminum,” Electrochem. Solid-State Lett., 4 (2001) A109-A112. 166. S. –S. Kim, Y. Kadoma, H. Ikuta, Y. Uchimoto, and M. Wakihara, “Enhancement of Electrochemical Reaction Rate by Deposition of Alumina on Natural Graphite surface,” Electrochemistry, 69 (2001) 830-833. 167. I. R. M. Kottegoda, Y. Kadoma, H. Ikuta, Y. Uchimoto, and M. Wakihara, “Enhancement of Rate Capability in Graphite Anode by Surface Modification with Zirconia,” Electrochem. Solid-State Lett., 5 (12) (2002) A275-A278. 168. T. Ishihara, A. Fukunaga, R. Akiyoshi, M. Yoshio, Y. Takita, “Graphitic Carbon Tube Obtained by Catalytic Decomposition of CH4 for Anode Li Ion Rechargeable Battery,” Electrochemistry, 68 (2000) 38-41. 169. T. Ishihara, A. Kawahara, H. Nishiguchi, M. Yoshio, Y. Takita, “Effects of Synthesis Condition of Graphitic Nanocabon Tube on Anodic Property of Li-Ion Rechargeable Battery,” J. Power Sources, 97-98 (2001) 129-132. 170. T. Ishihara, A. Kawahara, H. Nishiguchi, M. Yoshio, Y. Takita, “Effects of Manganese Acetate on the Anodic Performance of Carbon Nanotubes for Li Ion Rechargeable Batteries,” J. Power Sources, 119-121 (2003) 24-27. | |
dc.identifier.uri | http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/34142 | - |
dc.description.abstract | 由於具有高理論電容量,極富潛力的矽負極材料有可能取代石墨成為新一代的鋰離子電池材料。然而,目前矽負極材料仍無法商業化地應用的原因在於鋰離子遷入/遷出造成之劇烈體積變化和本身材料的低導電性,進而造成極板結構的不穩定與相當差的循環壽命。
本篇論文首先從純矽材料極板結構之最適化觀點出發,對於矽顆粒大小和助導劑添加量探討對於矽負極材料充放電循環壽命的影響進行研究。研究結果發現助導劑添加量對於循環壽命有相當顯著的影響,隨著助導劑的添加量增加,電池的循環壽命也隨之增加;在另一方面,減小矽負極顆粒的大小可以很有效地增進鋰離子與矽的反應速率。以3微米的矽顆粒搭配30%的助導劑含量下,600 mAh/g的定電容量循環測試可達到超過50次,且庫侖效率可維持在96%以上。 此外,本研究也發現黏著劑的選擇對於矽負極材料在循環壽命上有很大的影響。選用水系複合黏著劑(SBR + SCMC)比傳統且廣泛被使用的有機系黏著劑(PVdF)在電化學的循環測試下有更優越的表現。和PVdF相比,水系黏著劑具有較小的楊氏係數、較大的最大伸長量、和銅箔的強黏著性以及高電解液相容性。無論是純矽或是矽鍍碳的樣品在電容量之表現,在600 mAh/g和1000 mAh/g下皆可達到50次的表現;反觀使用PVdF黏著劑的純矽樣品在600 mAh/g之條件下在不到8次的充放電,電容量急遽地衰退。 另外,本論文亦針對純矽樣品與矽鍍碳樣品在「電容量衰退機制」和「鋰離子遷入機制」分別以充放電測試和交流阻抗法(EIS)進行討論。結果發現「電容量衰退」包含兩種模式,一個是local mode、另一個稱之為global mode。所謂的local mode的崩潰機制起因於個別活性物質之顆粒間與助導劑的接觸隨著充放電次數的增加而變差,進而導致電容量的衰退;global mode崩潰機制的發生導因於整個極板結構的瓦解。結果發現碳批覆層可明顯地抑制兩種衰退機制。而在「鋰離子遷入機制」,交流阻抗結果顯示矽與鋰離子的合金反應為一核殼層結構(core-shell)。 本研究也嘗試以矽化物對矽進行改質,係使用高能球磨法製備具高孔隙度之奈米NiSi/Si複合材料,其孔徑大小約200奈米,孔隙度高達40%。這種預留孔洞的的方法證實確實可以增進矽負極材料的循環壽命,臨場XRD實驗結果觀察出NiSi在充放電過程中可逆地形成NiSi2。 除了矽、矽鍍碳和矽化物等活性物質,本篇論文最後也對其他的負極材料,例如Si/ZrO2、Si/TiO2/C、奈米Si/TiO2/C、SiO、SiO/C和奈米-SiO/ZrO2/C進行特性分析與初步的電化學測試,相信這些具奈米特性的複合材料有機會成為未來鋰離子負極材料的新星。 | zh_TW |
dc.description.abstract | Silicon is a very promising candidate to replace graphite as an anode material in Li-ion batteries because of its high theoretical capacity. However, the main obstacles to commercialization are dramatic volume changes for lithium insertion/extraction and intrinsically poor conductivity of bare silicon, bring mechanical instability and poor rechargeability during cycling.
From the view point of stabilizing electrode structure, the effects of Si particle size and the content of conductive additives (CA) on the performance of the Si anode are investigated. It is found that CA content has a profound effect on the cycle life of the electrode, which increases with increasing CA content. Reducing Si particle size, on the other hand, effectively facilitates the charging/discharging kinetics. A cycle life, for instance, exceeding 50 cycles with >96% capacity retention at the charge capacity of 600 mAh/g-Si has been demonstrated by adopting the combination of 30 wt. % of CA and 3-um Si particles. In addition, the choice of binder is also very crucial issue. The cycle-life of the particulate electrode of Si, either with or without carbon coating, has significantly been improved by using a modified elastomeric binder containing Styrene-Butadiene-Rubber (SBR) and Sodium-Carboxyl-Methyl- cellulose (SCMC). Compared with poly-vinylidene-fluoride (PVdF), the (SBR+SCMC) mixture binder shows smaller moduli, a larger maximum elongation, stronger adhesion strength on Cu current collector, and much smaller solvent-absorption in organic carbonate. There are demonstrated cycle lives of > 50 cycles for bare Si at 600 mAh/g or carbon-coated Si at 1000 mAh/g, as contrast to < 8 cycles for PVdF-bound electrode in all cases. The capacity fading and lithiation mechanisms of Si and C-coated Si particulate have also been studied in this study by cycling tests and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analyses, respectively. The capacity versus cycle number plot was found to serve as a useful guide to elucidating two fading modes, including a local mode arising from loss of electronic contact between individual particles and the conductive network of the electrode and a global mode that results from failure of the entire electrode structure. EIS revealed a core-shell lithiation mechanism of Si. C-coating not only exerts remarkable favorite effects against both fading modes, but also serves as a conduit for Li ions to the reaction with Si particles. Porous NiSi/Si particles having a pore size distribution peaked at 200 nm and an intra-particle porosity of nearly 40% have been synthesized by high-energy ball milling of mixture of Ni and Si and subsequent dissolution of un-reacted Ni, and the material has been characterized for its microstructures and electrochemical properties for Li ion battery application. The preset intra-particle voids have been shown to help to accommodate volume expansion arising from alloying of the Si component. As a result, upon charge/discharge cycling, the composite electrode exhibits much reduced thickness expansion, as compared with pure Si electrode, and hence significantly reduced capacity fading rate. In-situ synchrotron XRD further indicates that the NiSi component of the composite is active toward Li alloying, and it undergoes reversible transformation to Ni2Si during charge/discharge cycling. Apart from Si, Si/C, and NiSi/Si composites, the fundamental studies and preliminary electrochemical tests of other active materials, such as Si/ZrO2, Si/TiO2/C, Nano-Si/TiO2/C, SiO, SiO/C, and Nano-SiO/ZrO2/C composite are providing in chapter 6. It is believed that these novel anode composites potentially have opportunities to be promising candidates as anode materials for Li-ion batteries in the future. | en |
dc.description.provenance | Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-13T05:55:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ntu-95-D90524006-1.pdf: 3303523 bytes, checksum: 49738116f72d5ec1e47f3edba361b979 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 | en |
dc.description.tableofcontents | 摘要 I
Abstract III List of Figures X List of Tables XVIII Chapter 1 Introduction 1 Chapter 2 Paper Review 3 2.1 Introduction to Lithium-Ion Secondary Batteries 3 2.1.1 Historical Developments of Lithium Batteries 3 2.1.2 Basic Concepts of Rechargeable Lithium Batteries 4 2.2 Introduction to Anode Materials 11 2.2.1 Carbonaceous Materials 11 2.2.2 Silicon 17 2.2.3 NiSi Alloys 22 2.2.4 Metal Oxides 27 2.3 Fluidized-bed and Chemical Vapor Deposition 31 2.4 Sol-gel Process 33 2.5 Mechanical Alloying Process 35 2.5.1 Background 35 2.5.2 Factors Affecting the MA Process 35 2.6 Introduction to Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry 40 2.6.1 Background 40 2.6.2 Theory 40 2.7 Methods to Modify Silicon Anode 44 2.7.1 Mechanical Alloying 44 2.6.2 Thermal Vapor Decomposition 48 2.6.3 Thin Film 52 2.6.4 Others 54 Chapter 3 Experimental 58 3.1 Chemicals 58 3.2 Composite Materials Synthesized by FBCVD 59 3.2.1 The Preparation of Si-C Composite 59 3.2.2 The Preparation of Si-TiO2- C Composites 61 3.3 Composite Materials Synthesized by Sol-gel Process 62 3.3.1 The Preparation of Si-ZrO2 Composite 62 3.3.2 The Preparation of Nano-Si/TiO2/C Composite 64 3.4 Composite Materials Synthesized by high energy ball milling 65 3.4.1 The Preparation of NiSi/Si Composite 65 3.5 Characterization 66 3.5.1 The Analyses of Crystal Structure 66 3.5.2 Surface Morphology 69 3.5.3 Pore Size and Particle Size Distributions 69 3.5.4 Dilatometric Measurement 70 3.5.5 Surface Analysis 72 3.5.6 TG Analysis 72 3.5.7 Raman Spectroscopy 72 3.6 The Analyses of Binders 73 3.7 Electrochemical Properties 74 3.7.1 Electrode Fabrication and Coin Cell Assembling 74 3.7.2 Electrochemical Analyses 76 Chapter 4 Silicon and C-Si Composite 77 4.1 Silicon Anode Material 77 4.1.1 Introduction 77 4.1.2 Characterization of Silicon Powders 78 4.1.3 Electrochemical Properties and Structural Analysis of Si-electrode 79 4.1.3 Summary 94 4-2 The Investigation on Binder Effects 95 4.2.1 Introduction 95 4.2.2 Electrochemical Properties of PVdF- and SBR-electrodes 97 4.2.3 Physical and Mechanical Properties of PVdF- and SBR-electrodes 102 4.2.4 Summary 106 4.3 Carbon-Silicon Composite 107 4.3.1 Introduction 107 4.3.2 Structural and Microstructural Analysis of C-Si Composites 109 4.3.3 Electrochemical Properties of C-Si Composites 109 4.3.4 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopic Study on Si and C-Si Electrodes 120 4.3.5 Summary 129 Chapter 5 Nano-porous NiSi/Si Anode Material 130 5.1 Introduction 130 5.2 Synthesis and Microstructural Characterization 132 5.3 Surface Analysis of NiSi/Si Composites 134 5.4 Electrochemical Characterizations of NiSi/Si Composites 139 5.5 Electrode Morphology and Dilatometric Analyses 143 5.6 In-situ Synchrotron XRD Study 146 5.7 Summary 151 Chapter 6 Other Active Materials 152 6.1 Si-ZrO2 Composite 152 6.2 Si-TiO2-C Composite 158 6.3 Nano-Si-TiO2-C Composite 165 6.4 SiO-based Materials 172 Chapter 7 Conclusions 187 References 188 Appendix. 1 205 Appendix. 2 206 Personal Publications List 206 | |
dc.language.iso | en | |
dc.title | 鋰離子電池矽負極材料之製備與特性分析 | zh_TW |
dc.title | Preparation and Characterization of Si-based Anode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries | en |
dc.type | Thesis | |
dc.date.schoolyear | 94-2 | |
dc.description.degree | 博士 | |
dc.contributor.oralexamcommittee | 楊模樺(Mo-Hua Yang),吳弘俊(Hung-Chun Wu),Martin Winter(Martin Winter),何國川(Kuo-Chuan Ho),吳紀聖(Chi-Sheng Wu),黃炳照(Bing-Joe) | |
dc.subject.keyword | 鋰離子二次電池,矽,流體化床,化學氣相沈積,溶膠凝膠法,高能球磨,鎳矽合金, | zh_TW |
dc.subject.keyword | Lithium-ion batteries,silicon,fluidized-bed,chemical vapor deposition,sol-gel process,high energy ball milling,nickel silicide, | en |
dc.relation.page | 209 | |
dc.rights.note | 有償授權 | |
dc.date.accepted | 2006-06-30 | |
dc.contributor.author-college | 工學院 | zh_TW |
dc.contributor.author-dept | 化學工程學研究所 | zh_TW |
顯示於系所單位: | 化學工程學系 |
文件中的檔案:
檔案 | 大小 | 格式 | |
---|---|---|---|
ntu-95-1.pdf 目前未授權公開取用 | 3.23 MB | Adobe PDF |
系統中的文件,除了特別指名其著作權條款之外,均受到著作權保護,並且保留所有的權利。