噶瑪蘭語之情緒語言

Abstract

本篇論文主要探討噶瑪蘭語的情緒語言及情緒的概念化。 情緒的表達為溝通與互動中不可或缺的一部份，而感嘆詞與語尾助詞即為表達情緒的兩項重要的方式。噶瑪蘭語中的四個主要感嘆詞，包括wanay、azkaw、ou、niampa，皆可分別傳達談話者不同的情態。本文研究發現wanay主要表達正面的情態; azkaw則多半表達負面的情緒或不滿; ou則是傳達驚訝的語氣; niampa通常表達對不幸事件的憐憫或可惜。在噶瑪蘭日常溝通中，語尾助詞的應用也提供了一項豐富的情緒表達的方式。我們發現到haw可用在尋求對方的認可或確認的情況下。相反地，yu的功能則在於鞏固自己的主張，例如，‘zin-ku yu’這個慣用語不僅用來表達談話者本身的想法，還同時強調談話者對自己傳達的訊息的信念。至於ya，它可以傳達說話者的同意，或是傳遞驚訝的態度，又或者是緩和說話者的口氣。最後，kwa是用來加強某ㄧ個事件的描述,特別是當談話者要反駁對方的意見時。 除了感嘆詞與語尾助詞外，情緒的描述或表達亦可透過描述性的情緒詞彙。本文以Johnson-Laird & Oatley對於英語情緒字彙的分類為基礎，探討噶瑪蘭語的情緒字彙的分類結構，我們認為噶瑪蘭語的情緒字彙可分為六個範疇，包括情緒總稱(generic emotion)、基本/致使情緒(basic/caused emotions)、情緒關係(emotional relations)、使役情緒(causatives)、情緒目標(emotional goals)以及複雜性情緒(complex emotions)。另外，我們也發現，噶瑪蘭語的情緒字彙結構中,sadness情緒樣式與fear情緒樣式,以及anger情緒樣式與disgust情緒樣式,其之間可能並無絕對的分界。 隱喻與轉喻是情緒概念化的重要途徑。噶瑪蘭語應用五個主要的情緒隱喻來達到此目的，包括了「情緒即物件」、「情緒即物質狀態」、「情緒即空間」、「情緒即移動」以及「情緒即容器」。相對於英語及泰雅語不僅利用泛情緒的隱喻,亦運用各個情緒特有的隱喻，噶瑪蘭語的情緒隱喻皆為泛情緒的隱喻。另一項關於噶瑪蘭語情緒隱喻的特別之處在於anem，亦即中文的心，之重要性及其廣泛應用，特別是透過‘PREDICATE ANEM TU NOMINALIZED.EMOTION’這個特殊的句構更能顯示出anem一詞對於情緒事件理解的重要性。除了隱喻之外，轉喻亦為噶瑪蘭語情緒概念結構中不可或缺的ㄧ環，而情緒概念的轉喻主要是運用兩項原則，即「情緒之生理反應代表其情緒」以及「情緒之行為表徵代表其情緒」。 情緒不應只被視為是一種狀態，而應該被分析為一種包含了原因、情緒本身、情緒控制、失去控制及生理反應的情結或事件(Kövecses 1990)。在噶瑪蘭語中，情緒本身、情緒控制及失去控制這三個階段皆可透過隱喻來表達，可是另外兩個階段，也就是情緒的原因及結果，則是透過其他獨特的句構來表達，包括使役 pa- 句構，'clause/NP sa-…-an'句構，'qena-Emotion tu cause'句構，'Emotion.verb tu physiological.effects'句構，以及'Physiological.effects tu nominalized.emotion'句構，在這些句構中，我們注意到tu在不同的句構中，不僅可當作承接詞，亦有引介原因的功能。最後，相對於在英語中，情緒的動態與隱喻有著密不可分的關係，在噶瑪蘭語中，情緒的動態主要是反映在表達情緒原因及結果的句構上，而非在隱喻的層面上，這主要是因為隱喻在情緒原因及結果的表達方面,扮演著較次要的角色。

The present thesis investigates the language of emotion and the conceptualization of emotion concepts in Kavalan, a Formosan language spoken on eastern part of Taiwan. The expression of emotion and affect is an indispensable feature in communication and interaction. Interjections and final particles are two significant strategies to achieve this end. In Kavalan, four primary interjections, wanay, azkaw, ou, and niampa, can respectively signal a speaker’s different attitudes. Wanay expresses a positive affective stance; azkaw signals a discontented attitude; ou is associated with surprise; niampa denotes sympathy or pity. Final particles in Kavalan also provide a rich source of mechanism for emotion expression in daily communication. It is argued that haw is employed to seek agreement or confirmation from other interlocutors. On the contrary, yu functions to assert or reinforce an assertion. This function can be evidenced by the collocation ‘zin-ku yu,’ which not only frames reported thought but also accentuates the speaker’s conviction. As for ya, it can denote a speaker’s agreement, signal exclamatory mood, or mitigate a speaker’s tone. Finally, kwa can highlight a description especially when a speaker aims to refute the other interlocutor’s idea. While interjections and final particles directly express emotion and affect, emotion can also be described and expressed via descriptive emotion words. Taking Johnson-Laird & Oatley’s (1989) model of classification for English emotion words as a basis, we propose that Kavalan descriptive emotion words be classified into six categories, including generic emotion, basic/caused emotions, emotional relations, causatives, emotional goals, and complex emotions. It is also found that there seems to be no discrete demarcation between sadness and fear modes and that between anger and disgust modes in this language. Metaphors and metonymies are two crucial mechanisms to conceptualize emotion concepts in the folk model of emotion. It is found that Kavalan resorts to five primary metaphors, including EMOTION IS OBJECT, EMOTION IS PHYSICAL STATE, EMOTION IS LOCATION, EMOTION IS MOTION, and EMOTION IS CONTAINER, to conceptualize emotion concepts. Unlike English and Squliq Atayal, both of which rely on not only category-wide but also category-specific metaphors for emotion concepts, the primary emotion metaphors in Kavalan are mainly constituted by category-wide metaphors. Another significant and peculiar feature of emotion expression in Kavalan is the prevalence of anem, the generic emotion noun in this language, as evidenced by the particular construction ‘PREDICATE ANEM TU NOMINALIZED.EMOTION.’ In addition to metaphor, two metonymic principles, i.e. THE PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF AN EMOTION STAND FOR THE EMOTION and THE BEHAVIORAL REACTIONS OF AN EMOTION STAND FOR THE EMOTION, also constitute an integral part of the conceptual structure of Kavalan emotion concepts. Emotion is not merely a state, but should be interpreted as a scenario or event consisting of cause, emotion itself, control/loss of control, and physiological effects (Kövecses 1990). In Kavalan, while metaphor proves an important mechanism to express emotion and control/loss of control, other specific constructions, including causative pa- construction, 'clause/NP sa-…-an' construction, 'qena-Emotion tu cause' construction, 'Emotion.verb tu physiological.effects' construction, and 'Physiological.effects tu nominalized.emotion' construction, are deployed to denote the other two stages, i.e. cause and effects. Finally, compared with English, in which the force dynamics of emotion concepts correlate highly with their metaphorical mappings (Kövecses 2000), the results on Kavalan emotion discourse indicate that the force schemata of emotion concepts in this language are represented mainly via specific constructions instead due to the minor role that metaphor plays in the expression of the cause and effects of emotion.