漢語反身代名詞所有格的研究

Abstract

本文研究中文反身代名詞所有格和非反身代名詞所有格出現在第一人稱和第三人稱句子中直接受詞位置時的語意差別，如例句(1)和(2)： (1) (張三i/我i)批評了自己i的朋友。 (2) (張三i/我i)批評了(他i的/我i的)朋友。 例句(1)和例句(2)邏輯上是相同的，為了找出它們其餘的語意差別，本文採用量化方式的語料庫模型來分析這兩個代名詞所有格在實際語言中的使用特徵。本文提出兩者差別在於說話人視角的不同以及說話人主觀性的不同。 本文資料來自中研院平衡語料庫。分析結果顯示這兩類不同的代名詞所有格差別在於說話人採用不了不同的視角。在第三人稱的句子中，說話人可以採用自己的視角或句子人物的視角，當說話人採用的是句子人物視角時，他會使用反身代名詞所有格；相反，當他採用的是自己的視角時，他會使用非反身代名詞所有格。在第一人稱的句子中，因說話人只能採用自己的視角，所以無論他使用反身或非反身代名詞所有格，他都表達事件是從他自己的視角觀察。 另外，本文亦從主觀性的理論上比較了反身代名詞所有格和非反身代名詞所有格的使用差別，本文提出使用反身代名詞所有格，即採用句子人物的視角，能幫助說話人更容易地概括別人，特別是內心感覺。在第三人稱的句子中，當說話人要概括別人、表達他的主觀看法時，他會使用反身代名詞所有格；相反，當說話人只是要報導他對別人的客觀觀察時，他則會使用非反身代名詞所有格。在第一人稱的句子中，上述的使用偏好則不會發生。

In this thesis I examine the semantics of 1st person and 3rd person reflexive possessives and their counterpart nonreflexive possessives in the direct object position as exemplified in (1) and (2): (1) (Zhangsani/ woi) piping-le zijii-de pengyou Zhangsan/ I criticize-LE self-DE friend “(Zhangsani/ Ii) criticized (hisi/ myi) own friend.” (2) (Zhangsani/ woi) piping-le (tai-de/ woi-de) pengyou Zhangsan/ I criticize-LE his / my friend “(Zhangsani / Ii) criticized (hisi/ myi) friend.” These two types of anaphora, at the first sight, show much overlap in meaning and use, which leads to the current research question, i.e. why two separate, highly grammaticalized linguistic items may exist and express the same function of coreferring the the co-arguments. To figure out their differences, this thesis proposes to adopt a quantitative corpus-based approach to investigate the usage patterns of the reflexive possessive and the nonreflexive possessive. I propose that reflexive and nonreflexive possessives are different in the viewpoint they take as well as in the speaker’s subjectivity. The data under investigation are drawn from Sinica Corpus. The result shows the difference between these two types of anaphora expressions is viewpoint changing. For sentences with third person subjects, the speaker either takes his/her own viewpoint or the sentential referent’s viewpoint. On the one hand, when the speaker takes the referent’s viewpoint, a reflexive possessive is used, On the other hand, when the speaker takes his/her own viewpoint, a nonreflexive possessive is used. For sentences with first person subjects, speaker can only take his/her own viewpoint. Therefore, the speaker arbitrarily uses reflexive possessives or nonreflexive possessives in expressing his/her own viewpoint.

Secondly, subjectivity of reflexive possessives and nonreflexive possessives is analyzed. I argue that taking referent viewpoint help the speaker to generalize a subjective statement about that 3rd person referent. Consequently, for sentences with third person subjects, when the speaker generalizes and expresses his/her stance/evaluation toward the described event, he/she uses the reflexive possessive, and when the speaker simply reports the described event, he/she uses the nonreflexive possessive. For sentences with first person subjects, both reflexive and nonreflexive possessives can be used in generalizations. This corresponds to the result in the first part of analysis, where the viewpoint function of both reflexive and nonreflexive possessives does not show any differences in the first person narrative.