密宗瑜伽的修煉──阿南達瑪迦在台灣之發展歷程與社會實踐

Abstract

本論文從世俗化爭論與新興宗教運動之相關討論，以Scheler對於人的情緒性價值與「位格」角色之強調，點出必須對於宗教本身具有相對自主性的特殊運作邏輯予以釐清。「危機」作為考察的出發點，一方面是對於過去的揚棄，卻也同時承繼了既有特定內涵為立足點，尋求某種新的道路與願景，並挑戰了原有的社會界線，「反應」並「反映」了社會文化條件。從阿南達瑪迦在台灣的發展歷程與社會實踐作為田野觀察場域，「生命危機」觸發行事者接納新型態生活風格與「位格典範」，在成為「瑪琪」之後亦有特殊陶成形式，既形塑了場域中的行事者特殊性情傾向，同時也使得特定特質的「瑪琪」各自佔有不同的群體空間位置。 挪用Bourdieu在《區隔》一書中所提出的資本分析架構作為一種啟發式分析法，以資本總量與資本構成作為分析的兩個軸線，試論組織核心理念的「自我了悟」與「社會實踐」之間的張力，刻劃場域中「靈修資本」與「PROUT資本」兩種具有相對自主性的獨特資本形式，來探索並呈現阿南達瑪迦此一社會空間當中，特殊的群體類型、互動形式與權力關係，同時也正是在兩種相互對張、不可化約且難以兼得（然而在場域中的行事者又希冀能夠予以結合）的資本形式的作用下，構作了場域內部特殊張力與實作邏輯。並且在台灣特定社會文化條件再形構之下，此一群體類型分析架構亦產生位移與變形，有其特殊偏重面向以及組織文化的「在地化」轉型，偏向以符應台灣既有「靈修」文化為重的發展走向。 以此觀照阿南達瑪迦在台灣整體歷史進程與實踐場景中所面對的轉折點與獨特危機，在組織內部層次上，在創立者過世後「後克里斯瑪」時期的領導權之爭逐漸浮上檯面；在組織所面對的外部環境面，面對著台灣社會變遷後轉趨激烈的市場化競爭。以此內外兩個面向，刻劃阿南達瑪迦在台灣所面對的危機點，乃是由此內外在兩個具有相對自主性的衝突之匯聚而形成的，而以「本土化」論述的型態，成為場域中瑪琪的特殊「興趣」焦點。 「密宗瑜伽的修煉」根本上來說，便是宗教內部特殊邏輯與外部社會形式之交會，並呈顯了作為「邊緣」努力的小眾文化，在現代化的歷史洪流中面對的挑戰與處境。

From the related discussion of secularization disputes and of New Religious Move-ments, starting with Scheler’s emphasis at the role of human emotive values and of “Persons”, this thesis points out the direction that we should use to clarify the specific logic of religion in its own relative independency. “Crisis” as our concept of research, on one hand seeks to abandon the past, on the other, simultaneously must inevitably inherit certain elements to establish a fresh standing point, a new path and vision for the future, challenging the original social boundaries; Crisis “react” and “reflect” the social cultural condition.If we take the developmental process and social practices of Ananda Marga in Taiwan as the observation field, “life crisis” lead agents to a new life style and acceptance of new “exemplars of Persons”, and after becoming a “mar-gii” there are special forms of “Bildung”, which form the specific disposition of agents in the field, and which, at the same time, make “margiis” with different qualities oc-cupy different positions in the social space of the group. This thesis appropriates Bourdieu’s analyzing structure of capitals in 《Distinction》 as a heuristic analysis scheme. Using the volume and constitution of capital as two axis, we try to discuss the tension between “Self-realization” and “Social service”, the two core organizational ideals, and try to describe “Capital of spiritual practice” and “ Capital of Prout” which command relative independency in the field. In this way, under the effect of these two opposing forms of capitals we can explore Ananda Marga’s social space,special group types, forms of interaction and power relationships to reveal the inner specific tension and the logic of practice in the field. As you will observe, under the reconfiguration of Taiwan’s special social and cultural conditions, the analyzing structure of group types has a high degree of re-placement and meta-morphosis. Here lies the special emphasising dimension and “local” transformation of organizational culture. From this, we inspect the turning point and unique crisis in the process of history as a whole and in the practical situations. On the inner level, in the post-charismatic stage after the founder passed away, the struggle of leadership gradually lies on the table; on the outer level, Taiwan society becomes increasingly engaged in competitions of marketing. These two unique relatively independent dimensions have merged to cre-ate the crisis that Ananda Marga in Taiwan face today. Response to the “Crisis” con-tinually turns towards the discourse of “localization”, producing margii’s special “in-terest” focus in the field. “The journey through Tantra Yoga” is essentially the interaction between the inner special logic of practice in the religious field and outer social condition coupled with the challenge and situation of the marginal culture in this modern historical flow.