低成本航空兩岸直航航點評選模式

Abstract

低成本航空在歐美地區已發展數十年，成功營運模式迅速擴展世界各地。近幾年亞洲開始有低成本航空之興起，如東南亞、日本及中國大陸等地區。全球經貿往來日益活絡且逐漸趨於國際化，兩岸航空開放直航指日可待。儘管目前直航開通受限於政治環境，但由於兩岸直航之開放實有其龐大潛在利益，因此仍然有頗多研究針對此議題進行探討。對於兩岸直航時代之來臨，低成本航空可謂具有競爭優勢的新加入者之一，事先的研究探討與籌畫工作實為重要。直航航點的選擇係航空公司進行後續規劃工作之基礎，而低成本航空在選擇航點時，除了考量潛在需求量、飛行距離等，與傳統航空較大差異之處在於低成本航空更加重視航線兩端起降機場所提供之各項條件，例如起降費用、機場容量餘裕及機場基礎設施等。此類因素皆會影響低成本航空對直航航點的選擇，而國內目前仍缺乏低成本航空兩岸直航航點選擇的相關討論亦突顯出本研究之必要性。 本研究採用以多屬性效用理論為基礎所發展出之多屬性價值函數，作為低成本航空兩岸直航航點評選模式之基礎判斷模式。經由文獻回顧及專家問卷調查，研擬出低成本航空兩岸直航航點評選架構。評選架構共包含三大構面，依序為航點競爭力、機場基礎設施以及航點潛在需求。構面下再細分為八項屬性，依序為機場收費、機場營運時間、機場與市中心距離、聯外運輸設施、航站樓地板面積、跑道分類、助航設備、起訖點需求量。整合各項屬性相對權重值、偏好值及門檻值，求出低成本航空兩岸直航航點多屬性價值函數。為求提高候選方案分析效率以及實務應用之方便性，本研究以Microsoft C#程式語言串聯評選程序，並以互動式介面提供使用者新增方案資料、執行評選程序以及修改屬性門檻值。此法可提高本模式實務上之應用，並可加強模式之適用性。實證分析包含大陸地區至2004年底所公佈41座對外開放機場，相較於以往研究僅針對大陸沿海少數航點進行分析，本研究結果更加切合低成本航空尋求合適航點之特性。實證結果顯示低成本航空兩岸直航航點大陸起降機場依序為上海浦東、深圳寶安、廈門高崎、杭州蕭山、武漢天河以及南京祿口六座機場。

Low-cost carriers (LCCs) have operated for several decades in United States and Europe and subsequently the new ones are being founded in Asia, such as Southeast Asian nations, Japan, and Mainland China. Undoubtedly, the operation of LCCs in Taiwan has been considered as consequential phenomenon. Despite political environment remain ambiguous, there are numerous studies being conducted on related issues, and benefit of direct cross-strait flight has already been confirmed. In addition, LCC is being considered as one of new competitive entrants in this market. Destination selection problem is critical to LCC not only because it will influence airline cost structure, but dominants its competitiveness. The absence of related researches on LCC destination selection problem for direct cross-strait flight reveals the necessity of this study. This research applies multi-attribute value function in solving LCC destination selection problem for direct cross-strait flight. The evaluation and selection framework includes three items respectively are location competitiveness, airport infrastructure, and potential demand. These items involve eight attributes respectively are airport charge, operation hours, distance between airport and downtown area, surface transport, terminal dimension, runway grade, navigation system, and potential demand. To examine each attribute’s weight, priority, and threshold value by proceeding Delphi questionnaire and then construct multi-attribute value function. Different from other researches merely focused on few alternative airports, the 41 airports available for foreign flights in Mainland China have completely been included in empirical analysis of this study. The result would accordingly be more fit in with characteristics of LCC that usually eager to look for suitable rather than hub airport. In the cause of analysis efficiency and practicability, programming language has been used in research to link each part of selection processes. Content window is also being used to be easier for decision maker to input data and modify threshold value. As result shows six airports would be suitable for LCCs respectively are Shanghai Pudong, Shenzhen, Xiamen, Hangzhou, Wuhan, and Nanjing airport.