台灣地區伯粉蝨屬及其近緣屬昆蟲類緣關係之重建

Abstract

本研究從 2005 年 3 月至 2006 年 5 月，在全台灣各地平地至中海拔山區，經 348 筆田野調查、採集紀錄，共記錄伯粉蝨屬 (Aleyrodidae: Bemisia) 及其近緣屬共 2 族 9 屬 20 種，其中包含 1 新紀錄屬：副伯粉蝨屬 (Bemisiella Danzig)、1 新紀錄種：蒿副伯粉蝨 (Bemisiella artemisia Danzig)、2 新種：多斑伯粉蝨 (Bemisia multispotus Chen and Ko n. sp.)、紫背草唇粉蝨 (Lipaleyrodes emiliae Chen and Ko n. sp.) 及 1 新組合：水黃皮長角粉蝨 (Bemisaleyrodes pongamiae (Takahashi) n. comb.)。利用採集與飼養所得之粉蝨成蟲和四齡若蟲的外部形態特徵以及 DNA 分子序列，進行類緣關係分析。分子序列之方法，分別在粒線體上選用 16S rDNA 和 COI DNA 共 2 個分子標記片段，將各種粉蝨的序列相互比較。形態之研究，描述各種類成蟲外部形態特徵且繪圖或拍照記錄之，並選用成蟲和四齡若蟲的重要形態特徵，經由度量轉置，轉換成系統發生樹，結合分子分析結果，重建台灣產的伯粉蝨屬及其近緣屬粉蝨的類緣關係。結果顯示：伯粉蝨屬為一並系群 (paraphyletic group)，可分為 2 群，非洲伯粉蝨群 (afer group) 與煙草粉蝨群 (tabaci group)。其中非洲伯粉蝨群包含星伯粉蝨屬 (Asterobemisia Trehan)、非洲伯粉蝨種群 (Bemisia afer species group (Priesner and Hosney))、波特伯粉蝨 (Bemisia porteri Corbett) 與副伯粉蝨屬。煙草粉蝨群包含蓬萊伯粉蝨 (Bemisia formosana Takahashi)、多斑伯粉蝨、煙草粉蝨種群 (Bemisia tabaci species group (Gennadius)) 及唇粉蝨屬；伯粉蝨族 (Bemisini) 為一多系群：包含上述廣義之伯粉蝨屬、樹粉蝨屬 (Apobemisia Takahashi)、長角粉蝨屬 (Bemisaleyrodes Cohic)、類伯粉蝨屬 (Parabemisia Takahashi) 及皮粉蝨屬 (Pealius Quaintance and Baker)。其中樹粉蝨屬、類伯粉蝨屬及皮粉蝨屬自成一群，且為並系群，類緣關係複雜，亟待重新修訂；粉蝨屬 (Aleyrodes Latreille) 與伯粉蝨族關係較遠，後伯粉蝨屬 (Metabemisia Takahashi) 不論形態與分子資料皆與伯粉蝨族有相當大之差異，應摒除於伯粉蝨族外。

According to 338 records of field observations and collections from March 2005 to May 2006, 20 species of 9 genera and 2 tribes related to Bemisia Quaintance and Baker (Aleyrodidae) were recorded in this study in Taiwan. These include 1 new record of the genus Bemisiella Danzig, 1 new record of the species Bemisiella artemisia Danzig, 2 new species of Bemisia multispotus Chen and Ko n. sp. and Lipaleyrodes emiliae Chen and Ko n. sp., and 1 new combination, Bemisaleyrodes pongamiae (Takahashi) n. comb. The phylogenetic analysis was carried out using adult and puparium morphology and molecular data. Two molecular fragments of 16S rDNA and COI DNA were amplified in order to sequence and compare them among all these species. In the morphological study, the adult stage of all materials was described, and characters of both adults and puparia were combined by transformation into a matrix. Phylogenetic trees based on molecular data and morphology were used to reconstruct the phylogenetic relationships of Bemisia and related genera in Taiwan. In summary, Bemisia contains paraphyletic groups, including 2 clades: the afer group and tabaci group. Asterobemisia Trehan, the Bemisia afer species group (Priesner and Hosney), Bemisia porteri Corbett, and Bemisiella clustered together within the afer group; meanwhile Bemisia formosana Takahashi, Bemisia multispotus Chen and Ko n. sp., the Bemisia tabaci species group (Gennadius), and Lipaleyrodes were also grouped into a clade as the tabaci group. Bemisini is constructed of polyphyletic groups, comprised of Apobemisia Takahashi, Bemisaleyrodes Cohic, Bemisia sensu lato, Parabemisia Takahashi, and Pealius Quaintance and Baker. Apobemisia, Parabemisia, and Pealius were grouped into a clade, but the phylogenic relationships were so complex, that they obviously need revising soon. Aleyrodes Latreille is farther in phylogenetic terms from Bemisini, regardless of whether considering morphology or molecular data. Metabemisia Takahashi must necessarily be transferred to another tribe.