臺灣地區銀行產業發展之政經分析，1945-2006

Abstract

銀行產業因其業務內容涉及貨幣的流通與資金的鬆緊，而深切的影響一個國家的經社會穩定與發展，以致於其政府都會對銀行產業，採取較其他產業更為嚴格的管制或管理；然而，政府到底會以何種方式控制或管理銀行產業，其實是深受相關政經體制和政經結構的特質影響。 本文以政治經濟學的歷史分析途徑，將1945至2006年間台灣銀行產業的發展，依國家政經體制及金融政策的變遷，分為主要的四個階段。首先，在1945至1960年間的硬威權政經體制下，政府為嚴格控制政經體制的穩定與發展，故對銀行產業實施高度的管制政策，因而呈現以公營銀行獨佔為特色的銀行產業；其次，在1960至1987年間，隨著台灣經濟的高度成長，民間資本逐漸抬頭，鬆綁部分管制的軟威權政府仍積極執行干預性管制，故銀行產業中雖加入少數特許設立之民營銀行，但仍以公營銀行為產業的主體；第三，在1987至2000年間，隨著戒嚴與黨禁的解除，加上國際上自由化風潮的影響，威權的政府大幅度的轉型，並執行開放的金融政策，致使大量民營新銀行的出現，且展現與公營銀行競逐的態勢；第四，在2000至2006年間，政黨輪替標示著台灣政經體制已邁入民主鞏固的階段，而銀行產業也在政府力行金融改革的訴求下，出現激烈的併購浪潮，而大幅改變銀行產業的版圖。

The government is tightly involved in its banking business of circulation of currency and control of capital which has profound impacts on Taiwan’s social and economic stability and development. Therefore, the government adopts all the measurements to more severely control or manage the banking business than any other kind of business; nonetheless, the characteristics of political and economic regimes and structures, actually really influence the ways to control banks. This thesis takes up the historical analysis in a political- economic approach to studying the four stages of development for Taiwan’s banking business under the changes of different regimes and financial policies from 1945 to 2006. From 1945 to 1960, the “strong authoritarian regime” implemented highly rigid controlled policies in the political and economic system to facilitate stability and development of the country; therefore the government-own banks monopolized all the banking business. From 1960 to 1987, because of the tremendous economic growth in Taiwan, private capital was hugely accumulated and increased banks’ influences gradually. The “less strong authoritarian regime” loosened several restrictions in the banking system, such as allowing a few privileged private banks to be established as a gesture, but the substance in the regime still aggressively struggled to execute the existing financial interfering measurements. From 1987 to 2000, following the lifting of Martial Law and releasing the restriction for forming political parties, this trend of international liberalization, the dramatical democratic transformation of Taiwan’s regime, executing the ‘open-door policy in finance, private banks competitively appeared in the banking system on a large scale. From 2000 to 2006, after the KMT(Kuomintang) lost the 2000 Presidential Election to the DPP(Democratic Progressive Party), Taiwan stepped into the era of democratic consolidation. The DPP government appealed to launch financial reforms. Since then, Taiwan’s banking business has been drastically conducting merges and acquisitions, completely transforming banking business.