中國南方外交戰略的政治經濟分析, 1949－2006

Abstract

受到意識形態的影響，中國（共）自一九四九年進入國際舞台以來，一向表現出對於南方（又稱第三世界或發展中國家）高度重視。在毛澤東時期，中國為動員南方國家加入其反霸統一戰線，在六○年代提出了以反美為主的「中間地帶論」，以及在七○年代提出以反蘇為主的「三個世界論」；它透過軍事與經濟援助的方式，拉攏第三世界國家，或直接支持共黨或民族獨立運動，催生當地的共產政權；中國也在進入聯合國後，善用多邊舞台，呼應第三世界對國際新經濟秩序的訴求。然而，由於內部情勢的不穩定，和冷戰格局的制約，毛澤東時期中國的南方外交未能全方位發展。 文革結束後，鄧小平上台，中國啟動了改革開放。為了全力建設經濟，中國將外交重心轉向擁有資金與技術的西方國家，過去所重視的南方外交，比重相對下降。但中國對南方的口頭支持，卻比毛時期更加響亮，鄧小平甚至提出「中國永遠第三世界」的說法；實質上，中國不但對南方國家的援助金額縮水，還成為南方國家的資金與市場競爭者。 八九年天安門事件爆發，之後又有「蘇東波」浪潮，西方向中國施加「和平演變」的強大壓力；此時中國發現，唯有南方的老朋友給它堅定的支持。在南方國家的力挺下，它走出孤立陰霾，並展開「反和平演變」；它堅持改革開放政策不變，積極投入亞太區域整合之中，試圖建立以它為核心的經濟板塊；並提出新的援助政策，促進其經濟向南方擴張。 東亞金融危機後，中國崛起為東亞經濟強權。為了進一步獲取世界大國的地位，挾著豐沛的經濟實力，中國推出全方位、多層次的南方外交戰略；九一一事件後，美國的全球反恐行動，改變了中國周邊戰略結構的樣貌，使中國必須為了生存與和平崛起，與美國在南方展開競爭。中國主導多個與南方國家共同組成的論壇，傳播中國的國際關係理念，擴張它的「軟權力」；它並加強與資源豐沛中東、非洲與拉美國家的交往，確保經濟成長的動能得以維持；在「走出去」的方針下，中國的企業配合國家發展需求，前往南方開拓市場與鞏固原料和能源的供應。

Under the influence of ideology, PRC has put emphasis on the South, also called the third world or developing countries, since it entered the global arena in 1949. During the Mao's era, China addresses specific theories in order to mobilize the south to join its anti-hegemony united front. In 1960s China addresses the theory of intermediate zone against U.S. and elucidates the theory of three worlds against Soviet in 1970s. Then China draws the friendship of the South by military and economical aid, or supports local communist parties or national movement groups immediately to establish communist regimes. After entering the UN, PRC makes the best of the multilateral platform to respond and assist with the third world’s eagerness to build the new international economic order (NIEO). However, Mao's China, subjected to internal instability and cold-war structure, cannot bring out omni-directional diplomacy to the South. After the Cultural Revolution, Deng Xiao-Ping holds the rein of government. He launches “Reform and Open” (gai-ge-kai-fang). For pursuing economical development, China focuses on the west which have capital and technology. Therefore China’s diplomacy with the South is less stressed than before. Nevertheless, China's rhetorical advocacy now is much stronger and louder than Mao's era. Deng even stated that China would always belong to the third world. In fact, China not only reduces the quantity of economical aid, but also becomes competitor of the South for FDI and market. After Tinanman event breaks out, and Socialist bloc collapses, western countries pressure China intensely to peaceful transition. So China comes to understand that only the third-world old friends will stand for china confirmedly. By the support of the South, PRC escapes form diplomatic isolation, and starts anti-peaceful transition. It insists on the open-door policy, and engages in Asia-Pacific regional integration enthusiastically as to establish the china-centered economical circle. Also China reforms the aid policy to expand its sphere of economical influence to the South. China becomes the economical great power in Eastern Asia after financial Crisis in 1997. For the sake of becoming global super power, China drives the omni-directional and multi-level diplomatic strategy. Especially, after 911 event, U.S. global anti-terrorism operation has changed China’s surrounding strategic structure. China must struggle with U.S. in the South for survive and peaceful rising. China leads to set up several fora to propagandize Chinese international idea to expand its soft power. Recently, PRC endeavors to strengthen friendship with Middle East, African and Latin American countries which are rich in natural resources to ensure economical growth. China’s businessmen operate in coordination with the need of the state development. They go forward to extend market and consolidate raw material and oil supply in the South under the going-out principle.