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| DC 欄位 | 值 | 語言 |
|---|---|---|
| dc.contributor.advisor | 張上淳(Shan-Chwen Chang),高嘉宏(Jia-Horng Kao),黃立民(Li-Ming Huang) | |
| dc.contributor.author | Wang-Huei Sheng | en |
| dc.contributor.author | 盛望徽 | zh_TW |
| dc.date.accessioned | 2021-06-13T02:13:38Z | - |
| dc.date.available | 2007-06-23 | |
| dc.date.copyright | 2007-06-23 | |
| dc.date.issued | 2007 | |
| dc.date.submitted | 2007-05-31 | |
| dc.identifier.citation | 1. Akuta N, Suzuki F, Kobayashi M, et al. The influence of hepatitis B virus genotype on the development of lamivudine resistance during long-term treatment. J Hepatol 2003;38:315-21.
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| dc.identifier.uri | http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/30726 | - |
| dc.description.abstract | B型肝炎病毒(hepatitis B virus,HBV)與愛滋病毒(human immunodeficiency virus,HIV)是威脅人類健康最重要的兩種病毒。根據世界衛生組織的估計,全世界現有四千萬個HIV感染存活者,每年新增HIV感染個案有五百萬人,且每年有三百萬人死於愛滋病。慢性HBV感染者約有三億五千萬人,其中15%至25%病患經過20至30年的慢性肝炎急性發作後(廓清期),將演變為肝硬化或肝癌,每年因為B型肝炎死亡者約有一百萬人。由於此兩種病毒感染途徑相同,均是經由性行為、血液交換以及母子間垂直感染,因此同時感染HIV及HBV者並不少見。過去由於沒有很好的治療HIV藥物,大多數HIV患者很早就死於愛滋病相關的伺機性感染或腫瘤,使得慢性B型肝炎相關的併發症往往不易察覺。但是自從1996年開始使用高效能抗HIV病毒療法(highly active anti-retroviral therapy,HAART),病患得以長期存活,因此B型肝炎感染相關的併發症現在已經成為臨床照顧HIV病患的重要問題。
歐美開發國家一般族群之慢性HBV感染盛行率(HBV surface antigen;HBsAg血症持續超過6個月)約為0.5至2%,而HIV感染者中約有6至10%同時具有慢性HBV感染。台灣是HBV高流行的地區,一般族群慢性HBV感染約為15至17%,HIV感染的盛行率約為0.07%。根據本研究調查1994年至2005年在臺大醫院追蹤之1016位HIV感染者,其中有217位(21.4%)呈現血清HBV表面抗原(HBsAg)陽性;167位(16.4%)為慢性HBsAg帶原者(carrier);在217位HBsAg陽性患者中有47位(21.7%)血清HBV e抗原(HBV e antigen;HBeAg)陽性,此與一般族群之慢性HBV感染情況相似;在162位慢性HBsAg 帶原者中,36位(22.2%)為anti-HDV抗體陽性表示為D型肝炎病毒(hepatitis D virus;HDV)感染;1016位HIV感染者其中有91位(9.0%)為anti-HCV抗體陽性,表示為C型肝炎病毒(hepatitis C virus;HCV)感染。 在第一部分的研究,從1994年至2003年間,在排除C型肝炎感染的個案後,以111位具有慢性HBsAg帶原的HIV感染者及387位非HBsAg抗原帶原的HIV感染者做前瞻性分析。兩組在年齡、性別、感染HIV的危險因子、是否接受高效能抗HIV病毒療法、基礎之CD4淋巴球數與HIV病毒量、是否發生伺機性感染及基礎肝功能指標均無明顯之統計差異,平均觀察2年(25個月),結果發現合併慢性HBsAg帶原的HIV感染者比無HBsAg帶原感染者發生急性肝炎、肝代償失調(如凝血異常、腹水、黃疸、肝性腦病變等)及肝硬化的機會均明顯增加;特別是在高效能抗HIV病毒療法問世之後,合併慢性HBsAg帶原的HIV感染者比無HBsAg帶原者死亡率高。兩組患者在接受高效能抗HIV病毒療法後之血液CD4淋巴球數回升與發生伺機性感染並無顯著差異,但慢性HBsAg帶原的HIV感染者在治療過程中因急性肝炎發作而停止HIV治療導致HIV治療失敗的比例較無HBsAg帶原者高(p = 0.05)。不同的B型肝炎病毒基因型(基因型B與基因型C)在年齡、性別、感染HIV之危險因子、伺機性感染、血液CD4淋巴球數之上升、血清HIV病毒量之控制、發生急性肝炎之機會、肝代償失調、肝癌及死亡率並無統計上之顯著差異。由此可知慢性B型肝炎對HIV感染者臨床病程之影響極大,因此對於同時感染HIV及HBV的患者,應定期接受肝功能及腹部超音波檢查,對HBV無免疫力者,應考慮是否接受B型肝炎疫苗注射以避免感染。 D型肝炎病毒本身需要藉由HBsAg才能有複製功能,因此慢性HBsAg帶原者為HDV感染之高危險群。在非HIV患者之研究發現:HBsAg帶原者合併感染HDV時會加速肝功能惡化,發生肝硬化及肝代償失調的機會亦明顯增加。由於HDV也與HBV和HIV藉由相同途徑感染,因此HIV感染者很可能同時感染HBV及HDV。在第二部分的研究我們收集自1995年至2003年的HIV病患依1:3病例對照分析,以26位同時合併慢性感染HDV、HBV、HIV之患者與78位具有相同性別、年齡(± 2 歲)、起始點血液CD4淋巴球數、收案時間(± 3月)、血清白蛋白(albumin ± 0.5 g/dL)、直接型膽紅素(direct bilirubin ± 0.3 mg/dL),同時合併慢性感染HBV與HIV對照組患者,平均觀察4.5年(54.7個月)。研究結果發現合併HDV感染者有較高的靜脈藥癮患者比例(7.7%比1.3%,p = 0.05),且HDV感染者之基礎HBV病毒量較低(平均起始HBV病毒量為 4.04 log10比5.75 log10 copies/mL,p = 0.07),顯示HDV具有干擾HBV病毒複製之生物效應。雖然HDV感染並不影響HIV患者對於抗HIV病毒療法的效果,但HDV感染者在治療HIV過程中發生急性肝炎、黃疸、肝代償失調、肝硬化以及死亡率皆較無HDV感染者高;HDV感染者的HBV lamivudine抗藥性明顯較低(0%比57.1%,p = 0.003),可能是因為HDV會抑制HBV複製而使得HBV不容易發生突變有關。研究也發現使用lamivudine來同時治療HBV及HIV最大的問題即在於發生lamivudine抗藥性,合併慢性HBV與 HIV之感染者使用lamivudine治療3年發生HBV lamivudine抗藥性突變之機會約為19.2%。因此HIV感染者在使用單一lamivudine治療HBV時,需謹慎觀察是否產生lamivudine抗藥性,未來需考慮依照國外的治療建議以lamivudine合併新的抗HBV藥物,如:adefovir或tenofovir做合併治療以減少抗藥性發生。由於臺灣自2003年起新感染HIV的患者族群中靜脈藥癮比例快速增加,因此HIV感染者合併HBV帶原時,應注意是否同時亦有HDV之感染。在HBV及HIV同時感染之病患,若有反覆急性肝炎或黃疸時,也建議應檢查HDV。 由於HIV感染會造成T細胞性淋巴免疫缺陷,同時可影響B細胞體液性免疫功能下降,因此HIV感染者急性HBV感染後比較容易成為HBV慢性帶原者。在早期研究發現HIV感染者接觸HBV或注射B型肝炎疫苗後產生之B型肝炎表面抗體(anti-HBs antibody)效價會隨著免疫功能下降而消失,且HIV感染者比一般族群容易有單獨存在B型肝炎核心抗體(anti-HBV core antibody;isolated anti-HBc)的狀態(未有HBs抗原或anti-HBs抗體,但有anti-HBc抗體),然而在接受高效能抗HIV病毒療法後,這些B型肝炎血清標記是否會隨著免疫回升而改變仍然未知。在第三部分的研究,以633位於1997至2002年就醫的HIV患者在服用高效能抗HIV病毒療法前後,相隔至少一年做B型肝炎血清標記:HBs抗原、antiHBs抗體、antiHBc抗體之檢查。在治療起始點,119位(24%)患者為HBs抗原陽性,270位(40%)患者為anti-HBs抗體陽性,179位(27%)患者呈現單獨存在anti-HBc抗體,而有65位(9%)之B型肝炎血清標記均為陰性,患者平均第二次B型肝炎血清標記追蹤的時間為相隔4.96年,結果發現有25.4%的患者B型肝炎血清標記在追蹤時發生改變。起始點HBsAg陽性的患者,在第二次追蹤時有87.4%的患者仍然為HBsAg陽性,起始點anti-HBs抗體陽性患者在第二次追蹤時93.3%的患者anti-HBs抗體持續存在,起始點單獨存在anti-HBc抗體的患者在第二次追蹤時有5.8%患者會出現HBsAg抗原、45.3%患者持續單獨存在anti-HBc、40.8%患者出現anti-HBs抗體,在65位HBV血清標記均為陰性的患者,有46.2%的患者在追蹤時出現HBV血清標記,顯示新的HBV感染。而比較anti-HBs抗體出現或消失之患者發現兩組在接受高效能抗HIV病毒療法後之CD4淋巴球回升有明顯差異。由於HIV患者之HBV血清標記會隨時間變化,因此,HIV患者之HBV血清標記應定期追蹤,在HIV患者要瞭解HBV感染的狀態必需同時檢查HBs抗原、anti-HBs抗體及anti-HBc抗體,若只檢查HBs抗原和anti-HBs抗體可能會漏失超過20%單獨存在anti-HBc狀態的患者,而高估未受HBV感染的比例。針對HIV患者若檢測沒有HBV血清標記時,應鼓勵HIV患者接種B型肝炎疫苗並採取安全性行為(如戴保險套或避免共用針具),以避免感染HBV的危險。而已有B型肝炎免疫力之患者也需配合規則服用高效能抗HIV病毒治療使anti-HBs抗體能持續存在。 B型肝炎疫苗注射可成功減少B型肝炎帶原的機會,連帶減少肝硬化及肝癌的發生。早期報告指出HIV病患因免疫功能破壞,使得B型肝炎疫苗注射後能出現B型肝炎抗體的機會約只有30%至50%,且與CD4淋巴球數之高低有關。但是否B型肝炎疫苗注射會隨著病患使用高效能抗HIV藥物後免疫提升而能提供較好的保護力?在第四部分的研究,我們以21位血清B型肝炎標記與HBV DNA均為陰性並使用高效能抗HIV病毒治療的HIV病患與20位年齡相同的非HIV感染者,進行3次標準B型肝炎疫苗注射之比較,結果發現在非HIV感染者有14位(70%)產生anti-HBs抗體,而HIV患者僅有5位(23.8%)產生anti-HBs抗體,若以HIV患者血液CD4淋巴球數分為≦200/μL、201-350/μL與≧351/μL三個群體,其產生anti-HBs抗體的比例分別是0%、22.2%及33.3%;對於雖然接受抗HIV治療,但HIV病毒控制不好的患者皆無抗體產生(HIV plasma viral load ≦400 copies/mL比≧400 copies/mL為29%比0%),顯示疫苗注射後產生anti-HBs抗體的能力與患者本身接受HIV治療後的CD4淋巴球數高低與HIV病毒量之控制有關。因此HIV患者要接受B型肝炎疫苗注射時,需考慮抗HIV病毒療法之成功與否,即使在穩定抗HIV病毒療法的患者接受3劑標準B型肝炎的施打產生anti-HBs抗體的比例也僅約為20%至30%,與國外研究報告相同。因此,要提高B型肝炎疫苗注射效力,患者須先獲得免疫重建,血液CD4淋巴球數高於350 cells/μL且HIV血清病毒量控制良好,方能得到較好的抗體反應。是否HIV患者需考慮在標準B型肝炎疫苗施打後追加注射及使用輔劑,或將B型肝炎疫苗劑量增加,對此仍有待於未來之研究。 經此系列前瞻性觀察研究我們發現台灣HIV感染者中約16.4%同時有慢性HBV感染,與一般族群罹患慢性B型肝炎的比例相近,推測我們的HIV感染者B型肝炎感染仍以垂直感染及嬰幼兒時期感染為主,此與歐美開發國家以成年人之水平傳染為主要HBV傳染途徑不同,因而台灣HIV病患感染HBV的時間較長,未來發生慢性肝炎併發症(如肝硬化及肝癌)的機會比歐美國家更高;由於HIV、HBV和HDV的感染途徑相同,因此HIV感染者可能同時感染HBV與HDV,特別是靜脈藥癮者,而HBV會因為HIV及HDV的感染而病程加重,加上許多抗HIV藥物本身也具有肝毒性,因此合併有HBV的HIV感染者在使用高效能抗HIV病毒療法時要定期追蹤肝功能及腹部超音波。未來應引進新的抗HBV病毒藥物,如adefovir、entecavir及tenofovir或干擾素合併治療,來加強對HBV的治療療效以及避免因單一使用lamivudine而造成之HBV抗藥性。 | zh_TW |
| dc.description.abstract | Co-infections with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) are common because of sharing similar transmission routes. The influences of HBV infection on the responses to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and hepatic complications of patients with HIV infection remain uncertain. Taiwan is a hyperendemic area of HBV infection with chronic HBsAg carriage occurred in 15% to 20% of general population. With the introduction of HAART in 1996, improved survival of HIV-infected patients may allow complications and liver deaths occurred related to HBV. To understand the impact of HBV on HIV-infected patients in Taiwan, HIV-infected patients at National Taiwan University Hospital from 1994 to 2005 were studied. | en |
| dc.description.provenance | Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-13T02:13:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ntu-96-D89421005-1.pdf: 983983 bytes, checksum: dc984b4272bc5497e0a7d13262affc24 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 | en |
| dc.description.tableofcontents | 1. 中文摘要---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1
2. 緒論---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7 2.1 愛滋病毒感染的流行病學------------------------------------------------------ 7 2.1.1 愛滋病毒感染之現況-------------------------------------------------- 7 2.1.2 愛滋病毒感染之途徑-------------------------------------------------- 8 2.2 愛滋病毒感染者的B型肝炎--------------------------------------------------- 9 2.2.1 B型肝炎病毒感染之流行病學--------------------------------------- 9 2.2.2 愛滋病毒感染者B型肝炎之流行病學---------------------------- 10 2.3 愛滋病毒與B型肝炎病毒的交互影響-------------------------------------- 11 2.3.1 HIV對急性HBV感染之影響--------------------------------------- 12 2.3.2 HIV對慢性HBV感染之影響--------------------------------------- 12 2.3.3 使用高效能抗HIV藥物治療後對慢性HBV感染之影響------ 14 2.3.4 慢性HBV感染對HIV感染者之影響------------------------------16 2.4 愛滋病毒感染者合併B型肝炎病毒及D型肝炎病毒感染之影響---- 17 2.5 愛滋病毒感染者的B型肝炎血清標記變化-------------------------------- 18 2.6 愛滋病毒感染者之B型肝炎治療-------------------------------------------- 20 2.7 愛滋病毒感染者之B型肝炎疫苗注射-------------------------------------- 22 2.8 本研究之目標及在醫學上的重要性----------------------------------------- 24 2.8.1 在高效能抗HIV藥物治療下HIV感染者的肝炎問題--------- 24 2.8.2 台灣HIV感染者的肝炎問題---------------------------------------- 25 2.9 本研究之假說及研究策略----------------------------------------------------- 26 3. 材料及研究方法------------------------------------------------------------------------ 28 3.1 慢性B型肝炎病毒感染對愛滋病毒感染者病程之影響---------------- 28 3.2 慢性D型肝炎對愛滋病毒感染者合併慢性B型肝炎病程之影響--- 30 3.3 愛滋病毒感染者接受高效能抗HIV藥物後B型肝炎血清標記之變化------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 31 3.4 愛滋病毒感染者使用標準3次B型肝炎疫苗注射之療效評估------- 32 3.5 實驗研究操作方法-------------------------------------------------------------- 33 3.6 統計方法-------------------------------------------------------------------------- 36 3.7 倫理考量-------------------------------------------------------------------------- 36 4. 結果--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 37 4.1 慢性B型肝炎病毒感染對愛滋病毒感染者病程之影響---------------- 37 4.2 慢性D型肝炎對愛滋病毒感染者合併慢性B型肝炎病程之影響--- 39 4.3 愛滋病毒感染者接受高效能抗HIV藥物後B型肝炎血清標記之變化-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 41 4.4 愛滋病感染者使用標準3次B型肝炎疫苗注射之療效評估---------- 45 5. 討論--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 46 6. 展望--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 65 6.1 在基礎及臨床上的應用-------------------------------------------------------- 65 6.2 未來研究的方向----------------------------------------------------------------- 69 6.2.1 HIV感染者多重慢性肝炎病毒感染的問題--------------------- 69 6.2.2 合併感染HIV與HBV之患者使用lamivudine產生抗藥性之後續治療------------------------------------------------------------------ 69 6.2.3 不同HBV基因型和HDV基因型對臨床預後與治療反應之分析--------------------------------------------------------------------------- 70 6.2.4 如何提高B型肝炎疫苗注射在HIV患者之效力----------------72 6.2.5 HIV患者是否需考慮追加B型肝炎疫苗注射----------------- 72 7. 英文摘要--------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 74 8. 參考文獻------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 107 9. 表與圖---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 129 9.1 表目錄---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 129 9.2 圖目錄---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 151 10. 縮寫表-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------160 11. 附錄--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------162 11.1 修業期間發表之相關文獻----------------------------------------------------162 11.2 修業期間發表之其他文獻----------------------------------------------------162 | |
| dc.language.iso | zh-TW | |
| dc.subject | B型肝炎病毒 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject | B型肝炎疫苗注射 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject | B型肝炎血清標記 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject | B型肝炎病毒基因型 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject | D型肝炎病毒 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject | 高效能抗HIV病毒療法 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject | 肝代償失調 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject | 愛滋病毒 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject | 急性肝炎 | zh_TW |
| dc.title | 慢性B型和D型肝炎對愛滋病毒感染者病程之影響 | zh_TW |
| dc.title | Impact of Chronic Hepatitis B and D Infection on the Outcomes of Patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection | en |
| dc.type | Thesis | |
| dc.date.schoolyear | 95-2 | |
| dc.description.degree | 博士 | |
| dc.contributor.advisor-orcid | ,高嘉宏(kaojh@ntu.edu.tw) | |
| dc.contributor.oralexamcommittee | 陳宜民(Yi-Ming Chen),張峰義(Feng-Yee Chang),陳培哲(Pei-Jer Chen) | |
| dc.subject.keyword | B型肝炎病毒,B型肝炎病毒基因型,愛滋病毒,急性肝炎,肝代償失調,高效能抗HIV病毒療法,D型肝炎病毒,B型肝炎血清標記,B型肝炎疫苗注射, | zh_TW |
| dc.subject.keyword | hepatitis B virus,HBV genotype,human immunodeficiency virus,acute hepatitis,liver decompensation,highly active antiretroviral therapy,hepatitis D virus,HBV serological markers,HBV vaccination, | en |
| dc.relation.page | 161 | |
| dc.rights.note | 有償授權 | |
| dc.date.accepted | 2007-06-01 | |
| dc.contributor.author-college | 醫學院 | zh_TW |
| dc.contributor.author-dept | 臨床醫學研究所 | zh_TW |
| 顯示於系所單位: | 臨床醫學研究所 | |
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