劉師培論清代學術及其相關問題研究

Abstract

民初學者蔡元培、錢玄同、章太炎等對劉師培之學術成就推崇備至，這與今日學術界對師培的冷落，成為極強烈的對比。因而本文擬從客觀角度探究師培學術之底蘊。師培出身清代經學世家，其對清學的理解自有獨到之處，職是，本文聚焦於師培對清代學術的見解。

第一章簡介師培之學術背景，其學術淵源大體有兩個脈絡：其一：來自乾嘉以來的漢學傳統。其二：源自晚清輸入的西學，尤其是「地理環境決定論」與「進化論」，中西合璧、古今交融的學術思潮，架構出師培論清學的主要視角。第二章論述師培對清代學術的看法：他針對考據學的來源、常州學術的起因、漢宋學術的爭點、清代學者治學的得失等問題，做了精闢詳實的討論。另外本章還就師培之見解，試作評論。第三章以梁啟超、章太炎、胡適做為參照對象，以突顯師培清學史論述的特色，梁、章、胡一直是過去清學史研究的典範，比對之下，可以發現梁、胡兩人以科學角度衡量清代學術，難免有失焦之處。章氏則囿限於狂熱的民族主義，三人的學術目光都不如師培敏銳犀利。第四章論述師培對清代學術的貢獻，即是將清儒視為極尊貴的、帶有宗教性質的經典，化為不具權威的、學術性的史料，而他之所以將經轉化為史，必須歸因於西方「進化論」的啟導。 最後，總結師培清學研究的成果，期能界定師培在清學研究上的地位。

During the early 1910’s, scholars that included Cai Yuanpei, Qian Xuantong, Zhang Taiyan were all very supportive toward the academic works of Liu Shipei. This contrasts to the neglecting attitude of today toward the work of Shipei, thus this thesis hopes to use an objective viewpoint to research the content of Shipei’s academic works. Shipei is from classical studies clan in Ching dynasty, which has very unique understandings toward the Ching dynasty’s academics, Therefore, this thesis focuses on the understandings of Shipei toward the academics of the Ching dynasty. The first chapter introduces the academic background of Shipei. His knowledge comes from two major sources: 1. From the Sinology’s tradition in Qian-Jia of Ching dynasty. 2: From the western academics imported by the late Ching dynasty, especially the「Geographical Environmental Determinism」and「Evolutionism」,joining of east and west, old and new; the above factors all structured the main Shipei theory toward his academics on the Ching dynasty. The second chapter discusses Shipei’s views toward Ching dynasty’s academics: He focuses on the source of Textual criticism, the reason for Changzhou academics, the issues regarding Hansong academics, powers and weaknesses of scholars in the Ching dynasty, and has made precise and detailed discussions about them. This chapter also makes criticisms on the understandings of Shipei. Chapter Three compares Liang Qichao, Zhang Taiyan, and Hu Shi, to enhance the characteristics of Shipei’s understanding toward the History of Ching dynasty’s academics. Mr. Liang, Mr.Zhang, Mr.Hu have always been role models of research in the study of Ching dynasty’s academics during the past; via comparison, we discovered that Mr. Liang and Mr.Hu used scientific methods to judge the Ching dynasty academics, which is quite inappropriate. Mr.Zhang, on the other hand, was restricted heavily by Nationalism; this proves that the work of the above three is not as precise and honest as Shipei’s. The fourth chapter discusses the contribution Shipei gave to Ching dynasty’s academics, which is the classics that were thought as honorable and religious by the scholars in Ching dynasty, yet were converted to weak and academic historical materials later on. The reason he converted the classics into historical materials is because he was inspired by western「Evolutionism」. Finally, we summarize on the achievements of Shipei's study of Ching dynasty’s academics, in hope of acknowledging his name and place within the studies of Ching dynasty’s academics.