地景建築設計與描述之再現策略

Abstract

地景本身就像是一篇空間文本，地景文本是開放的、是可以被詮釋或轉化的。地景擁有語言一切的特徵；語言是人與人溝通的媒介，人際溝通經常因文化或語言之差異而受阻，但是圖像卻可以超越語言的限制。地景建築設計實踐即是利用圖像表現來達成想像意境的溝通，其實地景建築師在重塑再現人類與自然之間關係的同時，我們可以察覺出隱藏其中之時代脈絡和地景思維的轉變。 透視圖法是現代地景建築師設計溝通表現技法中最常運用的媒介，然而傳統的透視圖法卻有許多問題。首先，透視圖法被認為是一種特定的意識形態結構，是一種統理空間的威權控制。地景本身的現象和特性其實也會限制了透視圖法的再現效果，若只透過透視圖法的儀器和瞬間的觀察，地景描述就如同一幅空虛的圖畫，沒有場域的情節處境；傳統透視圖法其實是漠視地景潛在的過程，以致地景建築師往往排除或隱匿這些自然演進的過程。 對習慣於透過和閱讀視覺圖樣進行設計對話的地景建築專業圈而言，本研究試圖藉由兩個國際知名設計團隊的在台國際設計競圖作品，探討他們如何透過描述與傳達場所設計想像和品質的再現媒介與策略，替特定的使用者生產傳播並詮釋其地景建築設計的創意發想和知識概念，甚至是無形中暗渡其視覺化的意識形態。強調地景建築隱含諸多混雜、多元及參與中介的空間特性，並且建立一個開放、彈性、對話的架構系統。另外，地景再現不只是一種幾何關係的說明，更是一種批判思考和價值建構的過程，其應能夠將地景空間的光影、氛圍和質感，與身體的經驗聯繫起來。換言之，人類的理性和感性可以透過空間圖像的各種設計再現策略來表達呈現，若能靈活運用多元的地景建築設計與描述再現媒介，有意境的地景將會變得更容易溝通、讓人們可以多元閱讀。

Landscape is open to interpret and transform as a spatial text, with all characteristics that language has. Besides, the image is a communicating tool that goes beyond the boundary among different languages. Therefore, landscape architectural design and description utilizes images to communicate. In 1990s, some researches attempt to present landscape architecture by the form of language, whether in knowledge conveyance or implementing process. While landscape architects reshape and represent the relationship between human and nature through representation as a form of design and communication, the temporal context and the landscape paradigm shift are also perceivable. Perspective is a medium that is frequently used by a modern landscape architect, yet the traditional perspective still has many problems. First of all, it has been considered as a certain conscious form, an authority which controls and dominates space. Second, the phenomena and characteristics of landscape both limit the representational effect of perspective. If landscape is only presented by perspective instrument and transient observation, its presentation will look like an empty, plotless picture. In addition, comparing to architecture, landscape is considered as a fixed, usually invisible, process. The representational system of traditional perspective actually discounts the potential landscape process, which leads landscape architects to exclude and conceal these processes. For landscape architecture professional who are used to communicate design with visual drawings, this article attempts to review two competition project designed by famous international landscape architecture teams in Taiwan, to explore how designers conceive and imagine site thorough representational media and strategies, even though unvisual ideologies. It then focuses on the mixed, diversified, and in-between spatial qualities of landscape architecture. Finally, it explores more diversified representational methods prioritizing open, flexible, and communicating strategies. Therefore, landscape representation is not merely an illustration of geometric relationship but a process of thinking construction, which enables light and shadow, atmosphere, and texture happening in the landscape space to connect with the physical experience. In other words, the image representation is supported by the operation of perception. The diversified and mixed utilization of media applied in landscape architectural design, description, and representation will allow landscape architectural design and description more readable and easier to be used to communicate.