從憲法平等權觀點檢視有前科者之職業選擇自由限制

Abstract

本文有別於傳統職業自由（工作權）的角度，企圖從憲法平等權觀點檢視我國現行對有前科者職業選擇自由限制之法令，並援引美國平等權司法審查架構，探討（準）嫌疑分類之理論基礎及構成要素，主張有前科者應為準嫌疑分類，應採取中度審查標準審查對其職業選擇自由限制之相關法令，並以此檢視現行法與釋字五八四號。依此，提出下述修法建議：首先，罪名必須特定、明確。此外，以一定刑度為分類標準者違憲；以法令、罪名為分類標準者需將罪名與職業種類合併觀察，並密切注意其貼合度。另外，應完全排除對過失犯之限制；緩刑期滿未經撤銷者亦不應受職業選擇自由之限制。終身限制與全面定期限制立法全部違憲，應改採個別審查機制並定期更新；最終期盼個別審查機制能發揮其功能。

This thesis examines the constitutionality of employment discriminations against the ex-offenders from the perspective of equal protection. Based on the three-tier standards of review as developed by the U.S. Supreme Court, this thesis argues that the classification on the criminal records should be considered a quasi-suspicious classification and be subject to the intermediate scrutiny by the courts. Accordingly, both the reasoning and judgment of the Judicial Yuan Interpretation No. 584 is flawed. In conclusion, the thesis proposes to revise many of the current legal restrictions and accord those ex-offenders with the equal protection of their employment freedom.