請用此 Handle URI 來引用此文件:
http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/29057
完整後設資料紀錄
DC 欄位 | 值 | 語言 |
---|---|---|
dc.contributor.advisor | 蔡詩偉 | |
dc.contributor.author | Yi-Ping Pan | en |
dc.contributor.author | 潘依萍 | zh_TW |
dc.date.accessioned | 2021-06-13T00:37:27Z | - |
dc.date.available | 2009-08-08 | |
dc.date.copyright | 2007-08-08 | |
dc.date.issued | 2007 | |
dc.date.submitted | 2007-07-24 | |
dc.identifier.citation | Part 1
1. Morelli, J.J. and Szajer, G.: Analysis of surfactants: Part I. Journal of Surfactants and Detergents. 2000; 3; 539–552. 2. Ying, G.G.: Fate, behavior and effects of surfactants and their degradation products in the environment. Environment International. 2006; 32; 417–431. 3. APERC (APE Research Council): Product information. 2004. http://www.aperc.org/productinfo.htm 4. Renner, R.: European bans on surfactant trigger transatlantic debate. Environmental Science and Technology. 1997; 31; 316–320A. 5. National Science Council, R.O.C.: Unmasking a hidden menace: environmental hormones (nonylphenol) in Taiwan’s aquatic environment. 2002; 34; 5. 6. European Commission Joint Research Center: European Union risk assessment report, 2nd Priority List. 2002; 10. 7. Ying, G.G., Williams, B. and Kookana, R.: Environmental fate of alkylphenols and alkylphenol ethoxylates-a review. Environment International. 2002; 28215–28226. 8. Jobling, S., Sheahan, D., Osborne, J.A., Matthiessen, P. and Sumpter, J.P.: Inhibition of testicular growth in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed to estrogenic alkylphenolic chemicals. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 1996; 15; 194–202. 9. Harris, R.M., Waring, R.H., Kirk, C.J. and Hughes, P.J.: Sulfation of “estrogenic” alkylphenols and 17beta-estradiol by human platelet phenol sulfotransferases. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2000; 275; 159–166. 10. Madsen, S.S., Skovbolling, S., Nielsen, C. and Korsgaard, B.: 17-Beta estradiol and 4-nonylphenol delay smolt development and downstream migration in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar. Aquatic Toxicology. 2004; 68; 109–120. 11. Gutendorf, B. and Westendorf, J.: Comparison of an array of in vitro assays for the assessment of the estrogenic potential of natural and synthetic estrogens, phytoestrogens and xenoestrogens. Toxicology. 2001; 166; 79–89. 12. EU Cement Directive: Directive 2003/53/EC of the European parliament and of the council. Official Journal of the European Union. 2003. 13. Xie, Z., Selzer, J., Ebinghaus, R., Caba, A. and Ruck, W.: Development and validation of a method for the determination of trace alkylphenols and phthalates in the atomosphere. Analytica Chimica Acta. 2006; 565; 198–207. 14. Cheng, C.Y., Wu, C.Y., Wang, C.H. and Ding, W.H.: Determination and distribution characteristics of degeadation products of nonylphenol polyethoxylates in the rivers of Taiwan. Chemosphere. 2006; 65; 2275–2281. 15. Diaz, A., Ventura, F. and Galceran, M.T.: Development of a solid-phase microextraction method for the determination of short-ethoxy-chain nonylphenols and their brominated analogs in raw and treated water. Journal of Chromatography A. 2002; 963; 159–167. 16. Peng, X., Wang, Z., Yang, C., Chen, F. and Mai, B.: Simultaneous determination of endocrine-disrupting phenols and steroid estrogens in sediment by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A. 2006; 1116; 51–56. 17. Sakurai, K., Sugaya, N., Nakagawa, T., Uchiyama, T., Fujimoto, Y. and Takashi, K.: Simultaneous analysis of endocrine disruptors, 4-alkylphenol and bisphenol A, contained in synthetic resin products used for drug containers and household utensils. Journal of Health Science. 2005; 51; 538–548. 18. Latorre, A., Lacorteb, S., Barcelo, D. and Montury, M.: Determination of nonylphenol and octylphenol in paper by microwave-assisted extraction coupled to headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A. 2005; 1065; 251–256. 19. Cheng, C.Y. and Ding, W.H.: Determination of nonylphenol polyethoxylates in household detergents by high-performance liquid chromatography. Journal of Chromatography A. 2002; 968; 143–150. 20. Soto, A.M., Sonnenschein, C., Chung, K.L., Fernandez, M.F., Olea, N. and Serrano, F.O.: The e-screen assay as a tool to identify estrogens: an update on estrogenic environmental pollutants. Environmental Health Perspectives. 1995; 103; 113–122. 21. Ministry of Economic Affairs, R.O.C.: Bureau of standards, metrology and inspection. CNS 3800. 22. Stajnbaher, D. and Zupancic-Kralj, L.: Multiresidue method for determination of 90 pesticides in fresh fruits and vegetables using solid–phase extraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A. 2003; 1015; 185–198. 23. Sanches-Silva, A., Sendon-Garcia, R., Lopez-Hernandez, J. and Paseiro-Losada, P.: Determination of triclosan in foodstuffs. Journal of Separation Science. 2005; 28; 65–72. 24. Yang, D.K., and Ding, W.H.: Determination of alkylphenolic residues in fresh fruits and vegetables by extractive steam distillation and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A. 2005; 1088; 200–204. 25. US Environmental Protection Agency: Determination of carbonyl compounds in drinking water by pentafluorobenzylhydroxylamine derivatization and capillary gas chromatography with electron capture detection. Office of Research and Development, US EPA Method 556. 1998. 26. Taguchi, G.: Introduction to quality engineering. Asian Productivity Organization, Tokyo. 1990. 27. George, P.M., Raghunath, B.K., Manocha, L.M. and Warrier, A.M.: EDM machining of carbon-carbon composite-a Taguchi approach. Journal of Materials Processing Technology.2004; 145; 66–71. 28. Bagchi, T.P.: Design of experiment; selecting orthogonal arrays and linear graphs. In Taguchi methods explained: practical steps to robust design. Prentice-Hall, India. 1993; 41–78, 114–122. 29. Roy R.K.: Design of experiments using the Taguchi approach: 16 steps to product and process improvement. Wiley-IEEE, New York. 2001; 16–133. 30. Mackay, L.G., Croft, M.Y., Selby, D.S. and Wells, R.J.: Determination of nonylphenol and octylphenol ethoxylates in effluent by liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Journal of AOAC International. 1997; 80; 401–407. 31. Taguchi, G.: Taguchi on Robust technology development: bringing quality engineering upstream. In: Kuo W, editor. Quality through engineering design. Elsevier, Netherlands. 1993; 11–20. 32. Montgomery, D.C.: Design and analysis of experiments, 5th ed. Wiley, New York. 2001. 33. Tzeng, M.S., Kao, M.D., Yeh, W.T. and Pan W.H.: Food consumption frequency and eating habit among Taiwanese-NAHSIT 1993-1996. Nutritional Sciences Journal. 1999; 24; 59–80. 34. Hallenbeck, W.H.: Quantitative risk assessment for environmental and occupational health, 2nd ed. Lewis Publishers, New York. 1993. Part 2 1. European Commission Joint Research Center: European Union risk assessment report, 2nd Priority List. 2002; 10. 2. Footitt, A., Virani, S., Corden, C. and Graham, S.: Nonylphenol Risk Reduction Strategy. Final Report, for the Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions. Loddon: Risk and Policy Analysts Limited. 1999. 3. APERC (APE Research Council). Product information. 2004. http://www.aperc.org/productinfo.htm 4. Ying, G.G.: Fate, behavior and effects of surfactants and their degradation products in the environment. Environment International. 2006; 32; 417–431. 5. Ying, G.G., Williams, B. and Kookana, R.: Environmental fate of alkylphenols and alkylphenol ethoxylates-a review. Environment International. 2002; 28215–28226. 6. Harris, R.M., Waring, R.H., Kirk, C.J. and Hughes, P.J.: Sulfation of “estrogenic” alkylphenols and 17beta-estradiol by human platelet phenol sulfotransferases. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2000; 275; 159–166. 7. Madsen, S.S., Skovbolling, S., Nielsen, C. and Korsgaard, B.: 17-Beta estradiol and 4-nonylphenol delay smolt development and downstream migration in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar. Aquatic Toxicology. 2004; 68; 109–120. 8. Gutendorf, B. and Westendorf, J.: Comparison of an array of in vitro assays for the assessment of the estrogenic potential of natural and synthetic estrogens, phytoestrogens and xenoestrogens. Toxicology. 2001; 166; 79–89. 9. EU Cement Directive: Directive 2003/53/EC of the European parliament and of the council. Official Journal of the European Union. 2003. 10. Chin, Y.C., Li, L.L. and Wang, H.D.: Determination of xenestrogens alkylphenols in oyster and snail tissues by extractive stream distillation and gas chromatography mass. Journal of the Chinese Chemical Society. 2005; 52; 1257–1262. 11. US Environmental Protection Agency: Aquatic life ambient water quality criteria-nonylphenol. US EPA-822-R-05-005. 2005. 12. Xie, Z., Selzer, J., Ebinghaus, R., Caba, A. and Ruck, W.: Development and validation of a method for the determination of trace alkylphenols and phthalates in the atomosphere. Analytica Chimica Acta. 2006; 565; 198–207. 13. Cheng, C.Y., Wu, C.Y., Wang, C.H. and Ding, W.H.: Determination and distribution characteristics of degeadation products of nonylphenol polyethoxylates in the rivers of Taiwan. Chemosphere. 2006; 65; 2275–2281. 14. Diaz, A., Ventura, F. and Galceran, M.T.: Development of a solid-phase microextraction method for the determination of short-ethoxy-chain nonylphenols and their brominated analogs in raw and treated water. Journal of Chromatography A. 2002; 963; 159–167. 15. Peng, X., Wang, Z., Yang, C., Chen, F. and Mai, B.: Simultaneous determination of endocrine-disrupting phenols and steroid estrogens in sediment by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A. 2006; 1116; 51–56. 16. Mol, H.G., Sunarto, S., Steijger, O.M.: Determination of endocrine disruptors in water after derivatization with N-methyl-N-(tert.-butyldimethyltrifluoroacetamide) using gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection. Journal of Chromatography A. 2000; 879; 97–112. 17. Dietz, C., Sanz, J. and Camara, C.: Recent developments in solid-phase microextraction coatings and related techniques. Journal of Chromatography A. 2006; 1103; 183–192. 18. Vas, G. and Vekey, K.: Solid-phase microextraction: a powerful sample preparation tool prior to mass spectrometric analysis. Journal of Mass Spectrometry. 2004; 39; 233–254. 19. Quintana, J.B. and Rodriguez, I.: Strategies for the microextraction of polar organic contaminants in water samples. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 2006; 384; 1447–1461. 20. Stashenko, E.E. and Martinez, J.R.: Derivatization and solid-phase microextraction. Trends in Analytical Chemistry. 2004; 23; 553–561. 21. Drozd, J.: Chemical Derivatization in Gas Chromatography. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, Amsterdam. 1981. 22. Kim, H., Hong, J.K., Kim, Y.H. and Kim, K.R.: Combined isobutoxycarbonylation and tert-Butyldimethylsilylation for the GC/MS-SIM detection of alkylphenols, chlorophenols and bisphenol A in mackerel samples. Archives of Pharmacal Research. 2003; 26; 697–705. 23. Rompa, M., Kremer, E. and Zygmunt, B.: Derivatisation in gas chromatographic determination of acidic herbicides in aqueous environmental samples. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 2003; 377; 590–599. 24. Li, D., Park, J and Oh, J.R.: Silyl derivatization of alkylphenols, chlorophenols, and bisophenol A for simultaneous GC/MS determination. Analytical Chemistry. 2001; 73; 3089–3095. 25. Basheer, C., Parthiban, A., Jayaraman, A., Lee, H.K. and Valiyaveettil, S.: Determination of alkylphenols and bisphenol A-A comparative investigation of functional polymer-coated membrane microextraction and solid-phase microextraction techniques. Journal of Chromatography A. 2005, 1087, 274–282. 26. Yang, L., Luan, T. and Lan, C.: Solid-phase microextraction with on-fiber silylation for simultaneous determinations of endocrine disrupting chemicals and steroid hormones by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A. 2006; 1104; 23–32. 27. Racke, T.: Determination of estrogen-active nonylphenols and octylphenol in baby and toddlers food as well as in biofilms. Electronic doctoral and postdoctoral theses. Bonn University. 2004. 28. Buchholz, K.D. and Pawlizyn, J.: Optimization of solid-phase microextraction conditions for determination of phenols. Analytical Chemistry. 1994, 66, 160–167. 29. US Environmental Protection Agency: Determination of carbonyl compounds in drinking water by pentafluorobenzylhydroxylamine derivatization and capillary gas chromatography with electron capture detection. Office of Research and Development, US EPA Method 556. 1998. 30. Latorre, A., Lacorte, S., Barcelo, D. and Montury, M.: Determination of nonylphenol and octylphenol in paper by microwave-assisted extraction coupled to headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A. 2005; 1065; 251–256. 31. Braun, P., Moeder, M., Schrader, S., Popp, P., Kuschk, P. and Engewaldc, W.: Trace analysis of technical nonylphenol, bisphenol A and 17a-ethinylestradiol in wastewater using solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A. 2003; 988; 41–51. 32. Pawliszyn, J.: Solid-phase microextraction-theory and practice. Wiley, New York. 1997. 33. Llompart, M., Li, K. and Fingas, M.: Headspace solid-phase microextraction for the determination of volatile and semi-volatile pollutants in water and air. Journal of Chromatography A. 1998; 824; 53–61. 34. Diaza, A., Venturaa, F. and Galceranb, M.T.: Development of a solid-phase microextraction method for the determination of short-ethoxy-chain nonylphenols and their brominated analogs in raw and treated water. Journal of Chromatography A. 2002; 963; 159–167. 35. Schoene, K., Bruckert, H.J., Steinhanses, J. and Konig, A.: Two stage derivatization with N-(tert.-butyldimethylsilyl)-N-methyl-trifluoroacetamide (MTBSTFA) and N-methyl-bis-(trifluoroacetamide) (MBTFA) for the gas-chromatographic analysis of OH-, SH- and NH-compounds. Fresenius' Journal of Analytical Chemistry.1994; 348; 364–370. | |
dc.identifier.uri | http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/29057 | - |
dc.description.abstract | Part.1
所謂食品用清潔劑係指直接使用於清潔食品、食品器具、食品容器及食品包裝之物質,在現代的日常生活中被廣泛地使用。清潔劑之主要成份為界面活性劑,而烷基酚類化合物因為具有良好之洗淨力,因此為界面活性劑的主要原料;然而,由於此類化合物結構與天然雌性激素相似,進入人體後會呈現類動情激素的作用,而其流佈於環境中亦具有降解不易、造成生態衝擊等問題,因此有部分國家已對於該類化合物之使用進行管制。為了評估烷基酚類化合物對國人健康的潛在危害程度,本研究針對暴露風險較高的食品用清潔劑,分析市售產品中烷基酚類化合物的含量,包括:辛基苯酚(4-t-octylphenol;4-t-OP)、壬基苯酚(4-nonylphenol; 4-NP)、及含有異構物之壬基苯酚(t-NPs;technical nonylphenol isomers)等,並藉由殘留分析試驗的結果,推估人體暴露之平均每日攝取劑量。 研究針對75件市售食品用清潔劑調查的結果發現,食品清潔劑中壬基苯酚類化合物之濃度範圍為1.71E-06至2.13E-04% (烷基酚類化合物g/清潔劑g);且4-t-OP、4-NP及t-NPs等在食品用清潔劑中之含量及被檢出率,皆以t-NPs為最高。 殘留分析部份,利用田口式實驗設計(Taguchi Experimental Design),探討食品用清潔劑使用後烷基酚類化合物的殘留問題,結果發現:1)餐具部份,辛基苯酚(4-t-OP)之殘留受到清潔劑清洗溫度因素的影響,壬基苯酚(t-NPs)之殘留則是受到清洗後再次使用時水溫的影響;2)蔬果部份,包括蔬果種類、界面活性劑濃度、烷基酚類化合物添加濃度,均有可能會影響蔬果清洗後t-NPs的殘留量。另一方面,本研究結合了含量調查與殘留分析之數據與其他相關資料,進行了經由飲食之初步攝取劑量估計;然而,除了因使用而造成的殘留問題之外,其他在環境中之暴露量(例如因降解而產生之短鏈壬基苯酚等),亦有必要再進一步研究其可能來源,以進行更完整的暴露評估。 Part.2 烷基酚類化合物 (Alkylphenols;APs) 大量用於製造烷基苯酚聚乙氧基醇類界面活性劑,並是許多產業製程的原料;然而由於此類化合物結構與天然雌性激素相似、進入生物體後會呈現類動情激素的作用,而其流佈於環境中降解不易,會造成生態衝擊等之問題,因此有部分國家已對於該類化合物之使用進行管制。為了瞭解烷基酚類化合物對環境及人體健康的可能影響,本研究嘗試結合固相微萃取 (solid-phase microextraction;SPME)與衍生技術,搭配氣相層析質譜儀,發展可同步檢測水中烷基酚類化合物 (包括:辛基苯酚 4-t-OP、壬基苯酚 4-NP、及含有異構物之壬基苯酚 t-NPs) 含量的方法,以改進現有偵測水中APs的缺點。研究中首先以SPME頂空萃取水中之烷基酚類化合物,再將吸附APs之纖維,以頂空方式與含有1% tert-Butyldimethylchlorosilane (TBDMCS)之衍生試劑N-tert-Butyldimethylsilyl-N-methyltrifluoroacetamide (MTBSTFA) 在纖維上進行衍生反應。 本研究所探討影響SPME與衍生的條件包括: 纖維裹覆的材質、萃取的時間與溫度、鹽類的添加、轉速的設定、衍生的時間與溫度、及熱脫附的條件等。研究結果顯示,85µm polyacrylate 的纖維對於APs與其衍生物有最佳的吸附效率;此外,30分鐘65℃的萃取以及10分鐘45℃的衍生為最適的SPME與衍生條件。在此最佳化條件下,4-t-OP、t-NPs、及4-NP之線性範圍分別為0.005–1.04 μg/L、 0.005–1.00 μg/L、及0.005–0.43 μg/L;方法偵測極限介於1.58–3.85 ng/L。與不進行衍生反應之SPME方法比較,除了4-t-OP以外,經由衍生技術的方法均有較好的線性關係、方法偵測極限、相對標準差與回收率。與其他方法比較,本研究除了可提供更佳的敏感度外,並且可減少複雜的分析程序與操作時間。 | zh_TW |
dc.description.abstract | Part 1
Household food detergents are widely used for dish washing and fruit cleaning in modern daily life. As for the ingredients of synthetic food detergents, the non-ionic surfactants are mostly composed of alkylphenols. Due to the ability to mimic hormones, it has been noticed that the exposures of alkyllphenols might cause a variety of adverse effects. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to determine the concentrations of alkylphenols in food detergents and also to perform the residual analysis after their use. Alkylphenols including 4-nonylphenol (4-NP), technical nonylphenol isomers (t-NPS), and 4-tert-octylphenol (4-t-OP) were target compounds of this research because of the possible health risks they might cause. The samples of the detergents were analyzed by GC/MS after dilution. The Taguchi experimental design was utilized to study the main factors that might affect the residual characteristics after the using of detergents. The results showed that the concentrations of alkyllphenols in food detergents, including 4-NP, t-NPs and 4-t-OP, ranged from 1.71E-06 to 2.13E-04% (APs g/detergent g) in 75 samples. Among the alkylphenols investigated, both the detectable rate (66.67%) and the concentration (0.000213%) were the highest for t-NPs. The results also showed that cleaning temperature will affect the residual of 4-t-OP while sampling temperature will affect the left of t-NPs on dishware. On the other hand, the varieties of fruits, the concentrations of detergents, and the concentrations of alkylphenols were also found to have significant effects for the residuals of t-NPs on food. As for the assessment of human exposures, the research combined the results of residual analysis and other relative data to evaluate the average daily intakes dose from food ingestion. However, exposures from other sources are needed to assess the whole exposures of alkylphenols for the general population in Taiwan. Part 2 Alkylphenols (APs) was man–made chemicals which are used as the major components of non-ionic surfactants and are important to a number of industrial processes. Due to the property to mimic hormones, it has been noticed that the APs can cause a variety of adverse effects in ecology. Many researches have reported on the wide occurrence of APs in the environment matrices. The notice of the presence of APs in the environment has led to an increased interest in the trace analysis of these compounds. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to develop a method for the simultaneous analysis of APs (4-tert-octylphenol; 4-t-OP, technical nonylphenol isomers; t-NPs and 4-nonylphenol; 4-NP) in water which will be simple, fast and reliable. A two-step sample preparation procedure, including headspace extraction of APs in water first followed by the on-fiber derivatization with N-tert-Butyl- dimethylsilyl-N-methyltrifluoroacetamide (MTBSTFA) with 1% tert-Butyl- dimethylchlorosilane (TBDMCS), was established. The 85μm polyacrylate (PA) fiber was selected and headspace extraction of APs in water for 30 minutes at 65℃ was first performed followed by the on-fiber derivatization with MTBSTFA for 10 minutes at 45℃. The analytical method was linear over the ranges of 0.005–1.04, 0.005–1.00, and 0.005–0.43μg/L for 4-t-OP, t-NPs and 4-NP, respectively while the method detection limits (MDLs) were in the range of 1.58–3.85 ng/L. Compared with other technique, the proposed method provided a simple, fast and reliable method for the analysis of APs in water. | en |
dc.description.provenance | Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-13T00:37:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ntu-96-R94844007-1.pdf: 734893 bytes, checksum: f9869537fdbb1dd65d6af72ea3ba9caa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 | en |
dc.description.tableofcontents | Part 1
List of Tables............................................i List of Figures..........................................ii 中文摘要................................................iii Abstract.................................................iv Chapter 1. Introduction...................................1 Chapter 2. Materials and methode..........................4 2.1 Chemicals and reagents..............................4 2.2 Sample collection and pretreatment..................4 2.3 GC/MS analysis......................................5 2.4 Calibration and quantification......................6 Chapter 3. Experimental design for residual analysis......8 3.1 Introduction of the Taguchi method..................8 3.2 Experimental procedure..............................9 3.2.1 Residual analysis of dishware...................9 3.2.2 Residual analysis of fruits....................10 3.3 Analytical method and estimations for average daily intake dose........................................11 Chapter 4. Results and discussions.......................12 4.1 Determinations of alkylphenols.....................12 4.2 Distribution of alkylphenols in detergent samples..12 4.3 Residual characteristics of alkylphenols...........13 4.4 Estimations of average daily intake dose for alkylphenols.......................................15 Chapter 5. Conclusions...................................17 References...............................................18 List of Tables Table 1 Structures and properties of target compounds 22 Table 2 Factors/levels description and L18 (22 × 36) orthogonal array 23 Table 3 Factors/levels description and L9 (34) orthogonal array 24 Table 4 Linear range, standard curve, regression coefficient (r), method detection limits (MDLs), relative standard deviation (RSD) and recovery of APs 25 Table 5 Concentrations of APs found in 75 household food detergents 25 Table 6 Detectable rates of APs in household food detergents 25 Table 7 Residual concentration on dishware (µg/L) 26 Table 8 Residual concentration on fruit (ng/g) 26 Table 9 Percentage contribution from ANOVA model for residual analysis of dishware 27 Table 10 Percentage contribution from ANOVA model for residual analysis of fruit 27 Table 11 ANOVA for response surface reduced linear model of t-NPs 28 Table 12 Alkylphenols daily intake dose estimations 28 List of Figures Figure 1 Flow diagram of experimental procedure 29 Figure 2 Residual analysis procedure of dishware washing 30 Figure 3 Residual analysis procedure of fruit cleaning 31 Figure 4 The GC/MS SIM chromatorgram of APs 32 Figure 5 Normal probability plot of residuals for 4-t-OP following backward elimination 33 Figure 6 Model graph of residual concentration vs. cleaning temperature for 4-t-OP 33 Figure 7 Normal probability plot of residuals for t-NPs following backward elimination 34 Figure 8 Model graph of residual concentration vs. sampling temperature for t-NPs 34 Figure 9 Normal probability plot of residuals for t-NPs following square root transformation under backward elimination 35 Figure 10 Model graph of residual concentration vs. varieties of fruits for t-NPs 35 Figure 11 Model graph of residual concentration vs. concentration of detergents for t-NPs 36 Figure 12 Model graph of residual concentration vs. concentrations of t-NPs spiked 36 Part 2 List of Tables............................................i List of Figures..........................................ii 中文摘要................................................iii Abstract.................................................iv Chapter 1. Introduction...................................1 Chapter 2. Experimental...................................4 2.1 Reagents and materials..............................4 2.2 Instrumentation.....................................5 2.3 SPME and derivatization procedures..................5 2.4 Calibration and quantification ......................7 Chapter 3. Results and discussions........................8 3.1 Selection of fiber coating..........................8 3.2 Extraction time and temperature.....................8 3.3 Effects of salts adding and agitation...............9 3.4 Derivatization time and temperature................10 3.5 Desorption condition...............................11 3.6 GC/MS of APs and t-BDMS derivatives................11 3.7 Method validation..................................12 Chapter 4. Conclusions...................................13 References...............................................14 List of Tables Table 1 Retention times and mass spectrometric data for APs and their tert.-BDMS derivatives 19 Table 2 Linear range, correlation coefficient (r2), method detection limits (MDLs), relative standard deviation (RSD) and recovery for SPME with on-fiber derivatization 19 List of Figures Figure 1 Derivatization reaction of MTBSTFA with APs 20 Figure 2 Derivatization on the SPME fiber after analyte sampling 20 Figure 3 SPME with on fiber derivatization procedures 21 Figure 4 Comparison of the extraction efficiency for (a) APs and (b) derivatives with PA and PDMS/DVB fibers 22 Figure 5 The effects of (a) extraction time and (b) extraction temperature of APs 23 Figure 6 Effects of salt (NaCl) concentration on extraction efficiency of (a) APs and (b) derivatives 24 Figure 7 Effects of stirring rate on extraction efficiency of (a) APs and (b) derivatives 25 Figure 8 The effects of (a) derivatization time and (b) derivatization temperature of derivatives 26 Figure 9 (a) Desorption temperature and (b) desorption time profiles of derivatives by SPME with on-fiber derivatization 27 Figure 10 The GC/MS SIM chromatogram of (a) derivatives and (b) APs in low concentration (1.0 ug/L) 28 Figure 11 The standard curve and correlation coefficient of SPME with on-fiber derivatization for APs 29 | |
dc.language.iso | en | |
dc.title | 1.食品清潔劑中烷基酚類化合物之含量調查與殘留分析
2.利用固相微萃取與衍生技術檢測水中之烷基酚類化合物 | zh_TW |
dc.title | 1.Determinations and Residual Characteristics of Alkylphenols in Food Detergents
2.Analysis of Alkylphenols in Water by Solid-Phase Microextraction with on-fiber Derivatization | en |
dc.type | Thesis | |
dc.date.schoolyear | 95-2 | |
dc.description.degree | 碩士 | |
dc.contributor.oralexamcommittee | 林嘉明,陳美蓮 | |
dc.subject.keyword | 食品用清潔劑,烷基酚類化合物,殘留分析,田口式方法,固相微萃取,衍生法, | zh_TW |
dc.subject.keyword | Food detergents,Alkylphenols,Residual analysis,Taguchi method,Solid-phase microextraction,Derivatization, | en |
dc.relation.page | 65 | |
dc.rights.note | 有償授權 | |
dc.date.accepted | 2007-07-25 | |
dc.contributor.author-college | 公共衛生學院 | zh_TW |
dc.contributor.author-dept | 環境衛生研究所 | zh_TW |
顯示於系所單位: | 環境衛生研究所 |
文件中的檔案:
檔案 | 大小 | 格式 | |
---|---|---|---|
ntu-96-1.pdf 目前未授權公開取用 | 717.67 kB | Adobe PDF |
系統中的文件,除了特別指名其著作權條款之外,均受到著作權保護,並且保留所有的權利。