從台北鳥會看我國自然保育政策的發展

Abstract

本論文係透過保育團體─台北鳥會─的歷史際遇，了解政策所隱含的政經文社因素，並展望未來，深化保育課題，倡導政策議題，促使政府政策朝向「永續」意涵的方向前進。 本文採取歷史結構分析，從台北鳥會、自然保育政策與政經變遷三者的歷史形構之相互引動與牽制關係看我國自然保育的發展。分三個時期敘述：一、台北鳥會成立（1973年）至解嚴（1987年）的威權統治期，在軍事統治下與經濟掛帥旗幟下，欠缺完整的生態保育觀，但受國際外交、經濟與生態潮流影響及國內社經變遷及台北鳥會活動推介，生態保育概念漸次萌芽。二、解嚴（1987年）至總統直選（1996年）的威權轉型期，政治制度重大變革，工業快速發展，各類社會運動興起，金權政治成形，環境惡化加速，國內外抗議事件頻傳，台北鳥會引領風騷，由北至南，由西至東，關懷全台鳥類保育、棲地維護及力擋不當開發案，促使政府重視生態保育的重要性，生態保育概念轉趨成熟。三、總統直選（1996年）至今（2006年）民主鞏固期，由於政黨輪替後，民主內戰不休，經濟嚴重衰退，發展迷思仍存，環保成了工具或口號，保育團體對政府不斷吶喊，催請政府重視生態系統平衡，台北鳥會在此氛圍中自我變革轉型為生態自然公園的管理經營者。 最後，經此三個時期的整體變遷，透視自然保育政策的發展及其特色，再就保育團體進行swat分析，三者交互查驗、考量，就發揮影響力的決定因素，研擬保育團體可採行策略，並提出台北鳥會深化政策參與深度與廣度的建議。 關 鍵 字：自然保育、台北鳥會、保育、政經變遷

In this paper, the author tried to find out the political, economical, cultural and social context behind government policies through the review of treatments received by a conservation organization, Wide Bird Society of Taipei throughout its existence and the paper is aimed also to call for stepping up of conservatory measures and providing issues to urge the government to move forward to the context o sustained development in the formation of policies. In this paper, we adopted Historical Structural Analysis approach to inspect the development of Natural Conservation of Taiwan, viewing from and within the interactive yet controlled / balanced relationship in Wild Bird Society of Taipei, Natural Conservatory Policy and Political-Economical Change. The analysis is in 3 stages – firstly, the Authoritarian Period from formation of Wild Bird Society of Taipei (1973) till lifting of Martial Law Ruling (1987), where, under martial law ruling and economy utmost concept, there was no complete ecology conservation perspective; however under the influence of international diplomatic, economic and ecological trends, as well as domestic social and economical changes, as well as the recommendation of Wild Bird Society of Taipei, sprout was stemming out gradually. Secondarily, the Authoritarianism Transformation Period between Lifting of Martial Law Ruling (1987) till Direct Presidential election (1996), material changes in political system, rapid industrial development, uprising of all kinds of social movements, formation of money-power politics, accelerated deterioration of environment, frequent protests from both domestic and overseas, the launch of care for conservation of habitation for wild birds of Wild Bird Society of Taipei, from north to south and from west to east, as well as rigorously resisting improper development projects had invited the government’s attention to the ecological conservation, and the idea of ecological conservation of the public was gradually reaching matured level. Thirdly, Democracy Concreting Period from direct presidential election (1996) till now (2006), with the change-over of ruling between political parties, virtual “Civil Ware” has never stopped and serious economic recession and the myth of economic development remained. It led to the instrumentation of environment protection, left it nothing more than slogan. Conservatory Organizations called incessantly to urge government to pay serious attention to the eco-system balance. Under such atmosphere, Wide Bird Society of Taipei re-emerged itself into manager of Ecology Natural Park. Finally, by observing the overall change of the 3 periods, reviewing the development and features of nature conservation policy, plus the SWAT analysis of conservatory organization, the author tried to find out feasible strategies for conservatory organization through examining the factors determining the influence of each organization. Suggestions have provided for Wide Bird Society of Taipei in intensifying and extending their involvement in policy formation.