台灣瀕危物種的保育政策─以台灣櫻花鉤吻鮭為例

Abstract

本研究以台灣櫻花鉤吻鮭（Formosan landlocked salmon）保育復育政策為個案分析，以環境史為取徑，採文獻回顧、口述歷史與深度訪談等質性研究法來發掘與理解櫻花鉤吻鮭的保育計畫與行動，特別著重行政機關、學術團體與現場實際執行狀況的比較，俾以從更深層的脈絡因果關係，來分析瀕危物種的保育政策。 本研究依主管機關的不同，將櫻花鉤吻鮭自1984年至2006年的保育歷程，分為物種保育、棲地保育、及武陵地區整個生態系保育概念等三個階段。每個階段的研究團隊、保育計畫重點與努力都不盡相同。本研究發現：各階段的研究團隊在同一件事情的看法上，會因其研究背景的不同而有所差異，類似的現象也反應在不同主事者的保育作為中。從櫻花鉤吻鮭的相關計畫與行動中，發現政府對其保育的過程是由基礎生態資料的建立，後轉著重棲地維護、就（現）地保育與移地保育的概念，到近年長期生態監測的方式，整合環境與生物相關的大型計畫為研究重點。在不同行政體系的作為方面，農委會主導（1984-1992）時期，其會尋求與物種直接相關的部門合作；但雪霸國家公園管理處（1992-）會則夥同與櫻花鉤吻鮭棲地有關法規主管機關與行政部門來共同努力，成立行動平台，但卻較無法顧及大方向的目標政策，也少有定期討論的空間。綜整田野素材，本研究認為，光靠國家公園法並不足以讓櫻花鉤吻鮭存活下去，必須與物種的保育工作結合。本研究建議，保育政策應以一個宏觀的視野來制定，注重教育宣導工作，建立國人正確的環境價值觀，如此方能用最少的力量而達到最大的保育成效。

This research aims to use the Formosan landlocked salmon as a case to understand conservation policy of endangered species in Taiwan. It is based on environmental history approach, by methods of literature review, oral history and in-depth interviews. It particularly pays attentions to the comparisons among policies of different governmental agencies, perspectives of research teams and on-site works, in order to know more about relevant deeper causal relations. This study categorizes the conservation work of Formosan landlocked salmon into several periods from 1984 to 2006 by different leading governmental agencies. This study finds that there are different research teams, objectives of conservation actions and efforts for different stages. The results reveal that there were different viewpoints on the same topics for different research teams at different stages. This study argues that it might be caused by their different background and discipline training. It also observes similar situations on conservation actions and positions and perspectives of officers. Analyzing the development of conservation programs for the Formosan landlocked salmon, we find that it started at establishing basic ecological data, then focused on habitat maintaining, in situ conservation and ex situ conservation, at last, paid attentions to long term ecological monitoring and integrated environmental and biological schemes in recent years. Regarding to approaches of different leading governmental agencies, it sought for cooperating with sectors relevant to species conservation for the Council of Agriculture, and the Shei-Pa National Park Administration Office tended to work with those authorities relevant to habitat management of Formosan landlocked salmon. The latter built up a platform for actions, but ignored long term strategy and directions, and lacked routine discussions and reviews. This study argues that it cannot provide fully supports for the conservation of Formosan landlocked salmon only by the National Park Act. There shall be a close link with species conservation work. It suggests that the conservation policy of endangered species shall be developed from a wider vision, pay attentions to education and campaigns to build up right environmental values for the public. Then it is possible to achieve maximal conservation effects by minimal efforts.