台灣稻米關稅配額政策調整分析

Abstract

由於任何稻米政策的調整都會影響我國稻米三級市場的穩定，特別是在關稅配額制度施行之後，因為市場的開放將使得國內稻米市場與國際稻米市場產生連結，我國不再能夠將國外稻米拒於門外。佐以農業談判持續的進行，市場進一步地開放已是各國共識，各集團的提案無論是更進一步的調降配額外高關稅，或是擴大關稅配額量，都會對國內稻米市場帶來更大的壓力，進而影響國內的稻米供需價量。 本研究透過建立一稻米市場供需模型後，對2006年到2011年期間各集團的關稅配額調整提案進行模擬，以瞭解各種提案對國內稻米市場的均衡價量造成何種影響，並求算關稅和配額之間的抵換關係。根據研究結果，稻米市場需求彈性為-0.3174，供給彈性為0.5248，所得彈性為0.1835，表示稻米具有正常財以及缺乏彈性的特性。在各國的提案方面，只要提案較現行關稅配額方案更為開放，必然會造成國內價格下跌以及進口量擴大的情況。而各集團的提案中，以G-10提案對我國最為有利，其次為歐盟提案，而G-20則會對國內稻米市場帶來較大衝擊。 最後本文估算出擴大關稅配額與調降關稅之間的抵換關係為-3.85，代表當關稅已經降到禁止性關稅以下時，配額外關稅調降1%時，對國內價格造成的影響與關稅配額擴大3.85%時相同。此一結果可讓我國在進行農業談判時，找到既能開放市場、又能避免短期內對國內產業造成重大衝擊的關稅組合方案。

Rice is a staple food for our people, and also is the most important industry in Taiwan. Because of the multiple goals of rice policy, every adjustment of rice policy is intricate and linked with other policies, especially under the pressure of the market access. Since the rice market in Taiwan should be liberalized gradually, no matter the tariff reductions or TRQ expansion will results in greater pressure to open market. Meanwhile, any TRQ policy adjustment will affect the domestic supply and demand. The objective of this paper is to evaluate how the probable TRQ adjustment schemes of the groups in WTO influence the price and quantity in Taiwan, and furthermore find the equivalence of the tariff and TRQ. There are several conclusions by the simulation in this paper. Firstly, the demand elasticity, supply elasticity, and income elasticity are -0.3174, 0.5248, and 0.1835. It appeals the characteristics of normal goods and inelasticity of rice. Secondly, the TRQ adjustment scheme of G-10 will make a less impact on rice market of Taiwan. The EU scheme is posterior, and the G-20 scheme has the largest influence. Last, the equivalence of tariff and TRQ is -3.85. It means the effect on price resulting from reducing tariff by 1% is equal to that of expanding TRQ by 3.85%.