「古典共和主義」脈絡下的司法違憲審查

Abstract

傳統上，「司法違憲審查權」之定位與作用乃被置於「基本權理論」脈絡中進行解釋。而在這樣的脈絡中卻使得「司法違憲審查權」之定位與作用地應然與實然面之間呈現分離的狀態。本文認為，這樣的分離狀態乃是肇因於基礎脈絡的誤置。然若回歸真實的脈絡當中，那麼一個應然與實然「同一」的狀態，則將會浮現而出。因此，找尋此一「被隱蔽的真實脈絡」，便成為本文的研究動機。進一步的，本文的研究目的旨在論證，此一「被隱蔽的真實脈絡」即為「古典共和主義」脈絡，若將司法違憲審查權改置於此一脈絡當中，則將得以使同一狀態呈現。據此，本文之整體論證將以「三階段論證法」－第一論證，共和主義傳統的無支配自由目標；第二論證，「古典共和主義」脈絡下的「無限目的-形式」統一性命題；第三論證，本文命題下的司法違憲審查－共同構成，並作為全文的研究架構。在第一論證中，首先提出三層分析法為共和主義傳統作出涵蓋形上學（純粹理念層次)、政治理論、(政治概念層次）與政治制度（實踐原則層次）三個層次的內涵定義。並說明其層次內部的概念連接關係以及層次外部的轉化關係。第二論證中，同樣以三層分析法論證，Kant式共和主義以其三類五型的「令式倫理學」為基礎而總結了共和主義傳統之三層次內涵後，即產生本文定義之古典共和主義。進一步的，針對古典共和主義三層次內涵進行「抽象作用」，並運用Hegel的意志「統一性」（unity）概念而得出一個古典共和主義的主要命題－「無限目的－形式」統一性命題（內含十二項次命題）。最後，在第三論證中，將司法違憲審查權分別置於主、次命題當中，以十二項次命題逐條檢視而作出「三層次觀點」的解釋，最終統合於主命題中完成「整全性觀點」解釋。在此最終解釋下，司法違憲審查的應然與實然地同一狀態，將會隱然浮現而出。

The motive of the passage is to find an explanation for Orientation of Judicial Review in the Context of Classical Republicanism way. Nonetheless, the explanation is different from the Context of Human Rights. Categorical syllogism constitutes the main structure of this passage. The first argument is that Liberty as non-domination of Republican Tradition, the second argument is that the proposition of universal under Context of Classical Republicanism, and the third argument is that Orientation of Judicial Review under the proposition of universal. In the first argument, the content of Republican Tradition is classified into three levels, which are Metaphysic, Political Theory, and constitutional structure, and is analyzed in order. Meanwhile, the intern relation and external relation between the three levels are explained as well. As for the second argument, Classical Republicanism was defined by analyzing the Ethics of Categorical Imperative quoted from Kant to combine the content of Republicanism discourse and the content of Republicanism tradition. Subsequently, we can gain one set of main proposition and twelve second propositions which derive from the proposition of universal after proceeding abstraction of the three levels of content of Classical Republicanism. Last but not least, in the third argument, we gain a holistic explanation by inspecting Judicial Review with the proposition of universal. Such explanation, which is the Context of Classical Republicanism, would help to provide a bran-new style for Orientation of Judicial Review.