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完整後設資料紀錄
DC 欄位 | 值 | 語言 |
---|---|---|
dc.contributor.advisor | 陳家揚 | |
dc.contributor.author | Shueh-Ni Chang | en |
dc.contributor.author | 張雪妮 | zh_TW |
dc.date.accessioned | 2021-06-12T17:54:53Z | - |
dc.date.available | 2010-02-20 | |
dc.date.copyright | 2008-02-20 | |
dc.date.issued | 2008 | |
dc.date.submitted | 2008-02-03 | |
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DeAngelo AB, Daniel FB, Most BM, Olson GR: The carcinogenicity of dichloroacetic acid in the male fischer 344 rat. Toxicology 1996, 114(3):207-221. 36. Parrish JM, Austin EW, Stevens DK, Kinder DH, Bull RJ: Haloacetate-induced oxidative damage to DNA in the liver of male B6C3F1 mice. Toxicology 1996, 110(1-3):103-111. 37. Bull R. J. SIM, Nelson M. A., Larson J. L., Lansing A. J.: Liver tumor induction in B6C2F1 mice by dichloroacetate and trichloroacetate. Toxicology 1990, 63(3):341-359. 38. USEPA Integrated Risk Information System: Trichloroacetic acid (CASRN 76-03-9) 1996. http://www.epa.gov/iris/subst/0655.htm(Access date:Jan. 2008) 39. USEPA Integrated Risk Information System: Dichloroacetic acid (CASRN 79-43-6). 2003. http://www.epa.gov/iris/subst/0654.htm(Access date:Jan. 2008) 40. Stacpoole PW, Henderson GN, Yan ZM, James MO: Clinical pharmacology and toxicology of dichloroacetate. Environmental Health Perspectives 1998, 106:989-994. 41. Spruijt L, Naviaux RK, McGowan KA, Nyhan WL, Sheean G, Haas RH, Barshop BA: Nerve conduction changes in patients with mitochondrial diseases treated with dichloroacetate. Muscle & Nerve 2001, 24(7):916-924. 42. Moore GW, Swift LL, Rabinowitz D, Crofford OB, Oates JA, Stacpoole PW: Reduction of serum-cholesterol in 2 patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia by dichloroacetate. Atherosclerosis 1979, 33(3):285-293. 43. Stacpoole PW, Moore GW, Kornhauser DM: Toxicity of chronic dichloroacetate. New England Journal of Medicine 1979, 300(7):372-372. 44. Stacpoole PW, Barnes CL, Hurbanis MD, Cannon SL, Kerr DS: Treatment of congenital lactic acidosis with dichloroacetate. Archives of Disease in Childhood 1997, 77(6):535-541. 45. Klotz JB, Pyrch LA: Neural tube defects and drinking water disinfection by-products. Epidemiology 1999, 10(4):383-390. 46. Porter CK, Putnam SD, Hunting KL, Riddle MR: The effect of trihalomethane and haloacetic acid exposure on fetal growth in a Maryland county. American Journal of Epidemiology 2005, 162(4):334-344. 47. Savitz DA, Singer PC, Herring AH, Hartmann KE, Weinberg HS, Makarushka C: Exposure to drinking water disinfection by-products and pregnancy loss. American Journal of Epidemiology 2006, 164(11):1043-1051. 48. Luben TJ, Olshan AF, Herring AH, Jeffay S, Strader L, Buus RM, Chan RL, Savitz DA, Singer PC, Weinberg HS et al: The healthy men study: An evaluation of exposure to disinfection by-products in tap water and sperm quality. Environmental Health Perspectives 2007, 115(8):1169-1176. 49. Heal MR, Reeves NM, Cape JN: Atmospheric concentrations and deposition of trichloroacetic acid in Scotland: results from a 2 years sampling program. Environmental Science & Technology 2003, 37(12):2627-2633. 50. Peter RJ: Chloroacetic acid in European soils and vegetation. Journal of Environmental Monitoring 2003, 5(2):275-280. 51. Reimann S, Grob K, Frank H: Chloroacetic acids in rainwater. Environmental Science & Technology 1996, 30(7):2340-2344. 52. Bakes EB, Economou AG, Siskos PA, Frank H: Determination of chloroacetates in atmospheric particulate matter. Environmental Science & Technology 2003, 37(11):2336-2339. 53. USEPA: Final draft for the criteria document on chlorinated acids/aldehydes/ ketones/alcohols. EPA 68-C2-0139. Prepared for Health and Ecological Criteria Division, Office of Science and Technology, Office of Water, U.S. EPA,Washington, DC.; 1994. http://www.regulations.gov/fdmspublic/component/main?main=DocumentDetail&o=09000064800c1861(Access date:Jan. 2008) 54. Reimann S, Grob K, Frank H: Environmental chloroacetic acids in foods analyzed by GC-ECD. Mitt Geb Lebens Mittelunters Hyg 1996, 87(2):212-222. 55. USEPA: Addendum to drinking water criteria document for monochloroacetic acid and trichloroacetic acid (final). Office of Science and Technnology, Office of Water, U.S. EPA, Washington, DC.; 2003b. http://www.regulations.gov/fdmspublic/component/main?main=DocumentDetail&o=09000064800c21b9(Access date:Jan. 2008) 56. 許元正: 台灣地區飲用水中鹵乙酸氯化消毒副產物分析方法及調查之研究. 行政院環保署環境檢驗所; 2000. 57. 張慧嫺: 台灣地區飲用水中含鹵乙酸之分析與流佈調查. 國立台灣大學公共衛生學院環境衛生研究所; 2004. 58. Ates N, Kaplan SS, Sahinkaya E, Kitis M, Dilek FB, Yetis U: Occurrence of disinfection by-products in low DOC surface waters in Turkey. Journal of Hazardous Materials 2007, 142(1-2):526-534. 59. Malliarou E, Collins C, Graham N, Nieuwenhuijsen MJ: Haloacetic acids in drinking water in the United Kingdom. Water Research 2005, 39(12):2722-2730. 60. Rodriguez MJ, Serodes J, Roy D: Formation and fate of haloacetic acids (HAAs) within the water treatment plant Water Research 2007, 41(18):4222-4232. 61. USEPA: National primary drinking water regulations; disinfectants and disinfection byproducts; final rule. 63 FR 69390. 1998a http://www.epa.gov/ncea(Access date:Jan. 2008) 62. Ministry of health people's republic of China: Chinese national standard 中國國家標準:GB 5749. 2006. http://www.cfacn.com(Access date:Jan. 2008) 63. Ministry of construction people's republic of China: Industry standard 建設部行業標準: CJ/T 206. 2005. http://www.envir.gov.cn(Access date:Jan. 2008) 64. WHO: Guidelines for drinking-water quality recommendations, third ed. 2004. http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/gdwq0506.pdf(Access date:Jan. 2008) 65. Ma YC, Chiang CY: Evaluation of the effects of various gas chromatographic parameters on haloacetic acids disinfection by-products analysis. Journal of Chromatography A 2005, 1076(1-2):216-219. 66. Martinez D, Farre J, Borrull F, Calull M, Ruana J, Colom A: Capillary zone electrophoresis with indirect UV detection of haloacetic acids in water. Journal of Chromatography A 1998, 808(1-2):229. 67. Liu YJ, Mou S: Determination of bromate and chlorinated haloacetic acids in bottled drinking water with chromatographic methods. Chemosphere 2004, 55(9):1253-1258. 68. Barron L, Paull B: Simultaneous determination of trace oxyhalides and haloacetic acids using suppressed ion chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry. Talanta 2006, 69(3):621-630. 69. Hashimoto S, Otsuki A: Simultaneous determination of haloacetic acids in environmental waters using electrospray ionization liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. Hrc-Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 1998, 21(1):55-58. 70. Takino M, Daishima S, Yamaguchi K: Determination of haloacetic acids in water by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry using volatile ion-pairing reagents. Analyst 2000, 125(6):1097-1102. 71. Kuklenyik Z, Ashley DL, Calafat AM: Quantitative detection of trichloroacetic acid in human urine using isotope dilution high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Analytical Chemistry 2002, 74(9):2058-2063. 72. Dixon AM, Delinsky DC, Bruckner JV, Fisher JW, Bartlett MG: Analysis of dichloroacetic acid in drinking water by ion exchange HILIC-LC/MS/MS. Journal of Liquid Chromatography & Related Technologies 2004, 27(15):2343-2355. 73. Delinsky AD, Delinsky DC, Muralidhara S, Fisher JW, Bruckner JV, Bartlett MG: Analysis of dichloroacetic acid in rat blood and tissues by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 2005, 19(8):1075-1083. 74. Ghassempour A, Chalavi S, Abdollahpour A, Mirkhani SA: Determination of mono- and dichloroacetic acids in betaine media by liquid chromatography. Talanta 2006, 68(4):1396-1400. 75. Kou DW, Wang XY, Mitra S: Supported liquid membrane microextraction with high-performance liquid chromatography-UV detection for monitoring trace haloacetic acids in water. Journal of Chromatography A 2004, 1055(1-2):63-69. 76. Ells B, Barnett DA, Purves RW, Guevremont R: Detection of nine chlorinated and brominated haloacetic acids at part-per-trillion levels using ESI-FAIMS-MS. Analytical Chemistry 2000, 72(19):4555-4559. 77. Loos R, Barcelo D: Determination of haloacetic acids in aqueous environments by solid-phase extraction followed by ion-pair liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometric detection. Journal of Chromatography A 2001, 938(1-2):45-55. 78. Creed JT, Magnuson ML, Brockhoff CA: Determination of bromate in the presence of brominated haloacetic acids by ion chromatography with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric detection. Environmental Science & Technology 1997, 31(7):2059-2063. 79. Roehl R, Slingsby R, Avdalovic N, Jackson PE: Applications of ion chromatography with electrospray mass spectrometric detection to the determination of environmental contaminants in water. Journal of Chromatography A 2002, 956(1-2):245-254. 80. Law B, Temesi D: Factors to consider in the development of generic bioanalytical high-performance liquid chromatographic–mass spectrometric methods to support drug discovery Journal of Chromatography B: Biomedical Sciences and Applications 2000, 748(1):21-30. 81. Gabryelski W, Wu FW, Froese KL: Comparison of high-field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry with GC methods in analysis of haloacetic acids in drinking water. Analytical Chemistry 2003, 75(10):2478-2486. | |
dc.identifier.uri | http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/27072 | - |
dc.description.abstract | 含鹵乙酸為主要的消毒副產物之一,自來水在加氯消毒的過程中,水中的天然有機物質會與氯反應生成含鹵乙酸,而台灣地區的自來水消毒以加氯為主。動物實驗已證實含鹵乙酸具有肝毒性、生殖毒性、發展毒性、胚胎毒性、致突變性和致癌性。對於不易揮發之含鹵乙酸,食入為其主要之暴露途徑,人體會經由每日的飲水而暴露到含鹵乙酸。
含鹵乙酸因在環境中的濃度極低,且具有高極性和易解離等特性,因此在定量分析上會造成很大的挑戰。目前含鹵乙酸之標準分析方法,為美國環保署所公告之552.3方法,此氣相層析儀-電子捕捉偵測器(gas chromatography–electron capture detection, GC-ECD)分析方法雖然有很低的偵測極限,不過萃取和衍生步驟卻很耗時費力。而且針對含鹵乙酸的高極性之特性,液相層析方法會比氣相層析方法更適合於分析不易揮發之液態樣品。然而,目前之液相層析方法,管柱對含鹵乙酸的分離和滯留能力一直是個很大的問題。 本研究可不經衍生,並以BetaMax Acid管柱和HILIC UPLC管柱分離九種含氯和溴之含鹵乙酸,以及新興之消毒副產物—一碘乙酸,再以電灑游離串連式質譜儀(electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry, ESI-MS/MS)偵測負離子。以減壓濃縮方式濃縮自來水水樣40倍和400倍,其回收率分別為69.7-114%和86.2-102%。雖然此濃縮方式有不錯之回收率,不過卻有嚴重的基質干擾。以BetaMax Acid管柱分析含鹵乙酸的離子抑制為12.6-88.6%,HILIC UPLC管柱之含鹵乙酸離子抑制為53.4-89.2%。 含鹵乙酸之偵測極限(LOD)在BetaMax Acid管柱為0.18-71.5 pg/μL,HILIC UPLC管柱之偵測極限為0.08-2.73 pg/μL; BetaMax Acid 管柱之定量極限(LOQ)為1.03-222 pg/μL,HILIC UPLC管柱之定量極限為0.31-9.78 pg/μL。雖然含鹵乙酸在HILIC UPLC管柱之偵測極限較低,不過若使用HILIC UPLC管柱,進樣樣品需溶於90% 乙腈,由於目前還沒有適當的前處理方法能將水中之含鹵乙酸轉換至乙腈,因此,能以100%水相進樣的BetaMax Acid管柱較適合用以分析水中之含鹵乙酸。對於自來水中主要的物種二氯乙酸(dichloroacetic acid, DCAA)和三氯乙酸(trichloroacetic acid, TCAA)而言,兩者在自來水中的濃度較高,BetaMax Acid管柱已可直接用以分析水樣中的DCAA和TCAA;而二溴乙酸(dibromoacetic acid, DBAA)、一溴一氯乙酸(bromochloroacetic acid, BCAA)和一溴二氯乙酸(bromodichloroacetic acid, BDCAA)的分析則可應用在個別濃度高於1-3 pg/μL以上之自來水水樣。此研究提供了部分含鹵乙酸之直接分析方法,而不需經萃取、衍生和濃縮步驟。 | zh_TW |
dc.description.abstract | Haloacetic acids(HAAs)are one class of disinfection byproducts(DBPs), which are formed when chlorinated disinfectants react with natural organic matter. In Taiwan, chlorination is the main disinfection step of in drinking water treatment. Haloacetic acids have been shown to possess hepatic, reproductive and developmental toxicity, as well as embryotoxicity, mutagenicity and carcinogenicity in laboratory animals. Because HAAs are non-volatile, ingestion is the major exposure route; people usually expose to HAAs through the consumtion of drinking water.
To determine low levels of HAAs is a challenge because of their hydrophilic and strong acidic characteristics. USEPA 552.3 is a standard method for determining HAAs. The method uses gas chromatography–electron capture detection(GC-ECD)for quantitation and can reach a low detection limit to analyze HAAs in aqueous samples, but needs time-consuming and labor-intensive processes of extraction and derivatization. Due to the strong polarity of HAAs, liquid chromatography(LC)technique is more suitable than GC technique for analyzing non-volatile chemicals in aqueous samples. However, how to retain and separate HAAs with LC columns is the main problem. Nine chlorinated and brominated haloacetic acids and one emerging disinfection byproduct-monoiodoacetic acid were analyzed without dervatization in this study. HAAs were separated on BetaMax Acid column and HILIC UPLC column, and detected by negative electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry(ESI (-)-MS/MS). The samples of drinking water were concentrated with vacuum for 40 or 400 times. The recovery of 40-fold preconcentration was 69.7-114%, and was 86.2-102% in that of 400-fold preconcentration. The preconcentration methods had good recoveries, but the matrix effects were high. The ion suppression of HAAs analyzed by BetaMax Acid column was between 12.6-88.6%, and was 53.4-89.2% with HILIC UPLC column. The on-column detection limit (LOD)of HAAs by BetaMax Acid column ranged from 0.18 to 71.5 pg/μL, and was in the range of 0.08-2.73 pg/μL by HILIC UPLC column. The limits of quantification(LOQ)by BetaMax Acid column and HILIC UPLC column were 1.03-222 pg/μL and 0.31-9.78 pg/μL, respectively. The LOD of HAAs is lower on HILIC UPLC column, but the sample of HAAs needed to be dissolved in 90% acetonitrile(ACN)before injection. There were no suitable methods to transfer the HAAs from water to ACN directly. So, BetaMax Acid column with 100% aqueous injection was more suitable for analyzing HAAs in drinking water. BetaMax Acid column can be applied to determine major species of HAAs, such as dichloroacetic acid(DCAA)and trichloroacetic acid(TCAA)without concentration. BetaMax Acid column can also be applied to determine dibromoacetic acid(DBAA), bromochloroacetic acid(BCAA) and bromodichloroacetic acid(BDCAA), when the concentrations of these HAAs are higher than 1-3 pg/μL in drinking water. This study provided a method for determination of some HAAs without extraction, derivatization and concentration. | en |
dc.description.provenance | Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-12T17:54:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ntu-97-R94844001-1.pdf: 1595422 bytes, checksum: 9892c8cb53c9de8e8ff0e5143bcca49f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 | en |
dc.description.tableofcontents | 目錄 I
圖目錄 II 表目錄 III 摘要 IV Abstract VI 第一章 前言 - 8 - 第一節 研究背景 - 8 - 第二節 研究目的 - 4 - 第二章 文獻回顧 - 4 - 第一節 含鹵乙酸的介紹 - 5 - 第二節 含鹵乙酸的生成機制 - 5 - 第三節 健康危害 - 6 - 第四節 暴露途徑 - 7 - 第五節 含鹵乙酸的環境濃度 - 8 - 第六節 法規標準 - 8 - 第七節 含鹵乙酸之分析方法 - 9 - 第三章 材料與方法 - 13 - 第一節 試劑 - 14 - 第二節 材料與儀器設備 - 15 - 第三節 極致效能液相層析儀 - 16 - 第四節 質譜儀 - 16 - 第五節 檢量線標準品和緩衝液之配製 - 17 - 第六節 樣品前處理 - 17 - 第七節 品保/品管與資料分析 - 18 - 第四章 結果與討論 - 19 - 第一節 含鹵乙酸的定性 - 19 - 第二節 質譜儀器參數最適化 - 20 - 第三節 層析條件最適化 - 21 - 第四節 偵測極限 - 25 - 第五節 基質效應 - 27 - 第五章 結論 - 35 - 參考文獻 - 37 - 附圖 - 43 - 附表 - 55 - 縮寫對照表 - 67 - | |
dc.language.iso | zh-TW | |
dc.title | 以液相層析�質譜�質譜儀分析飲用水中的含鹵乙酸 | zh_TW |
dc.title | Determination of Haloacetic Acids in Drinking Water using Liquid Chromatography / Tandem Mass Spectrometry | en |
dc.type | Thesis | |
dc.date.schoolyear | 96-1 | |
dc.description.degree | 碩士 | |
dc.contributor.coadvisor | 王根樹 | |
dc.contributor.oralexamcommittee | 林嘉明 | |
dc.subject.keyword | 含鹵乙酸,消毒副產物,液相層析/質譜/質譜儀, | zh_TW |
dc.subject.keyword | haloacetic acid,disinfection byproducts,LC/MS/MS, | en |
dc.relation.page | 67 | |
dc.rights.note | 有償授權 | |
dc.date.accepted | 2008-02-03 | |
dc.contributor.author-college | 公共衛生學院 | zh_TW |
dc.contributor.author-dept | 環境衛生研究所 | zh_TW |
顯示於系所單位: | 環境衛生研究所 |
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