請用此 Handle URI 來引用此文件：
http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/25737完整後設資料紀錄
| DC 欄位 | 值 | 語言 |
|---|---|---|
| dc.contributor.advisor | 林思洸(Sze-Kwan Lin) | |
| dc.contributor.author | Yi-Lun Lan | en |
| dc.contributor.author | 籃翊倫 | zh_TW |
| dc.date.accessioned | 2021-06-08T06:27:25Z | - |
| dc.date.copyright | 2006-08-03 | |
| dc.date.issued | 2006 | |
| dc.date.submitted | 2006-07-26 | |
| dc.identifier.citation | Ahmad, N., Gupta, S., and Mukhtar, H. (2000). Green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate differentially modulates nuclear factor kappaB in cancer cells versus normal cells. Arch Biochem Biophys 376, 338-346.
Akira, S., Nishio, Y., Inoue, M., Wang, X. J., Wei, S., Matsusaka, T., Yoshida, K., Sudo, T., Naruto, M., and Kishimoto, T. (1994). Molecular cloning of APRF, a novel IFN-stimulated gene factor 3 p91-related transcription factor involved in the gp130-mediated signaling pathway. Cell 77, 63-71. Aneja, R., Hake, P. W., Burroughs, T. J., Denenberg, A. G., Wong, H. R., and Zingarelli, B. (2004). Epigallocatechin, a green tea polyphenol, attenuates myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury in rats. Mol Med 10, 55-62. Babic, A. M., Kireeva, M. L., Kolesnikova, T. V., and Lau, L. F. (1998). CYR61, a product of a growth factor-inducible immediate early gene, promotes angiogenesis and tumor growth. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95, 6355-6360. Balasubramanian, S., Efimova, T., and Eckert, R. L. (2002). Green tea polyphenol stimulates a Ras, MEKK1, MEK3, and p38 cascade to increase activator protein 1 factor-dependent involucrin gene expression in normal human keratinocytes. J Biol Chem 277, 1828-1836. Billadeau, D., Jelinek, D. F., Shah, N., LeBien, T. W., and Van Ness, B. (1995). Introduction of an activated N-ras oncogene alters the growth characteristics of the interleukin 6-dependent myeloma cell line ANBL6. Cancer Res 55, 3640-3646. Bode, A. M., and Dong, Z. (2004). Targeting signal transduction pathways by chemopreventive agents. Mutat Res 555, 33-51. Brigstock, D. R. (1999). The connective tissue growth factor/cysteine-rich 61/nephroblastoma overexpressed (CCN) family. Endocr Rev 20, 189-206. Brigstock, D. R. (2003). The CCN family: a new stimulus package. J Endocrinol 178, 169-175. Burfoot, M. S., Rogers, N. C., Watling, D., Smith, J. M., Pons, S., Paonessaw, G., Pellegrini, S., White, M. F., and Kerr, I. M. (1997). Janus kinase-dependent activation of insulin receptor substrate 1 in response to interleukin-4, oncostatin M, and the interferons. J Biol Chem 272, 24183-24190. Chandrasekar, B., Bysani, S., and Mummidi, S. (2004). CXCL16 signals via Gi, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, Akt, I kappa B kinase, and nuclear factor-kappa B and induces cell-cell adhesion and aortic smooth muscle cell proliferation. J Biol Chem 279, 3188-3196. Charles, C. H., Abler, A. S., and Lau, L. F. (1992). cDNA sequence of a growth factor-inducible immediate early gene and characterization of its encoded protein. Oncogene 7, 187-190. Chen, N., Chen, C. C., and Lau, L. F. (2000). Adhesion of human skin fibroblasts to Cyr61 is mediated through integrin alpha 6beta 1 and cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans. J Biol Chem 275, 24953-24961. Chen, S. H., and Benveniste, E. N. (2004). Oncostatin M: a pleiotropic cytokine in the central nervous system. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 15, 379-391. Chung, J. H., Han, J. H., Hwang, E. J., Seo, J. Y., Cho, K. H., Kim, K. H., Youn, J. I., and Eun, H. C. (2003). Dual mechanisms of green tea extract (EGCG)-induced cell survival in human epidermal keratinocytes. Faseb J 17, 1913-1915. Chung, J. Y., Huang, C., Meng, X., Dong, Z., and Yang, C. S. (1999). Inhibition of activator protein 1 activity and cell growth by purified green tea and black tea polyphenols in H-ras-transformed cells: structure-activity relationship and mechanisms involved. Cancer Res 59, 4610-4617. Chung, J. Y., Park, J. O., Phyu, H., Dong, Z., and Yang, C. S. (2001). Mechanisms of inhibition of the Ras-MAP kinase signaling pathway in 30.7b Ras 12 cells by tea polyphenols (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate and theaflavin-3,3'-digallate. Faseb J 15, 2022-2024. Dong, Z., Ma, W., Huang, C., and Yang, C. S. (1997). Inhibition of tumor promoter-induced activator protein 1 activation and cell transformation by tea polyphenols, (-)-epigallocatechin gallate, and theaflavins. Cancer Res 57, 4414-4419. Feldman, G. M., Petricoin, E. F., 3rd, David, M., Larner, A. C., and Finbloom, D. S. (1994). Cytokines that associate with the signal transducer gp130 activate the interferon-induced transcription factor p91 by tyrosine phosphorylation. J Biol Chem 269, 10747-10752. Gong, L., Li, Y., Nedeljkovic-Kurepa, A., and Sarkar, F. H. (2003). Inactivation of NF-kappaB by genistein is mediated via Akt signaling pathway in breast cancer cells. Oncogene 22, 4702-4709. Graham, H. N. (1992). Green tea composition, consumption, and polyphenol chemistry. Prev Med 21, 334-350. Grant, S. L., Douglas, A. M., Goss, G. A., and Begley, C. G. (2001). Oncostatin M and leukemia inhibitory factor regulate the growth of normal human breast epithelial cells. Growth Factors 19, 153-162. Halfter, H., Lotfi, R., Westermann, R., Young, P., Ringelstein, E. B., and Stogbauer, F. T. (1998). Inhibition of growth and induction of differentiation of glioma cell lines by oncostatin M (OSM). Growth Factors 15, 135-147. Hattori, Y., Hattori, S., and Kasai, K. (2003). Lipopolysaccharide activates Akt in vascular smooth muscle cells resulting in induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase through nuclear factor-kappa B activation. Eur J Pharmacol 481, 153-158. Heinrich, P. C., Behrmann, I., Haan, S., Hermanns, H. M., Muller-Newen, G., and Schaper, F. (2003). Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation. Biochem J 374, 1-20. Heinrich, P. C., Behrmann, I., Muller-Newen, G., Schaper, F., and Graeve, L. (1998). Interleukin-6-type cytokine signalling through the gp130/Jak/STAT pathway. Biochem J 334 ( Pt 2), 297-314. Hibi, M., Murakami, M., Saito, M., Hirano, T., Taga, T., and Kishimoto, T. (1990). Molecular cloning and expression of an IL-6 signal transducer, gp130. Cell 63, 1149-1157. Horn, D., Fitzpatrick, W. C., Gompper, P. T., Ochs, V., Bolton-Hansen, M., Zarling, J., Malik, N., Todaro, G. J., and Linsley, P. S. (1990). Regulation of cell growth by recombinant oncostatin M. Growth Factors 2, 157-165. Hu, L., Shi, Y., Hsu, J. H., Gera, J., Van Ness, B., and Lichtenstein, A. (2003). Downstream effectors of oncogenic ras in multiple myeloma cells. Blood 101, 3126-3135. Jay, P., Berge-Lefranc, J. L., Marsollier, C., Mejean, C., Taviaux, S., and Berta, P. (1997). The human growth factor-inducible immediate early gene, CYR61, maps to chromosome 1p. Oncogene 14, 1753-1757. Jay, P. R., Centrella, M., Lorenzo, J., Bruce, A. G., and Horowitz, M. C. (1996). Oncostatin-M: a new bone active cytokine that activates osteoblasts and inhibits bone resorption. Endocrinology 137, 1151-1158. Jedsadayanmata, A., Chen, C. C., Kireeva, M. L., Lau, L. F., and Lam, S. C. (1999). Activation-dependent adhesion of human platelets to Cyr61 and Fisp12/mouse connective tissue growth factor is mediated through integrin alpha(IIb)beta(3). J Biol Chem 274, 24321-24327. Kireeva, M. L., Lam, S. C., and Lau, L. F. (1998). Adhesion of human umbilical vein endothelial cells to the immediate-early gene product Cyr61 is mediated through integrin alphavbeta3. J Biol Chem 273, 3090-3096. Klausen, P., Pedersen, L., Jurlander, J., and Baumann, H. (2000). Oncostatin M and interleukin 6 inhibit cell cycle progression by prevention of p27kip1 degradation in HepG2 cells. Oncogene 19, 3675-3683. Kojima-Yuasa, A., Hua, J. J., Kennedy, D. O., and Matsui-Yuasa, I. (2003). Green tea extract inhibits angiogenesis of human umbilical vein endothelial cells through reduction of expression of VEGF receptors. Life Sci 73, 1299-1313. Kumar, S., Hand, A. T., Connor, J. R., Dodds, R. A., Ryan, P. J., Trill, J. J., Fisher, S. M., Nuttall, M. E., Lipshutz, D. B., Zou, C., et al. (1999). Identification and cloning of a connective tissue growth factor-like cDNA from human osteoblasts encoding a novel regulator of osteoblast functions. J Biol Chem 274, 17123-17131. Lambert, J. D., and Yang, C. S. (2003). Mechanisms of cancer prevention by tea constituents. J Nutr 133, 3262S-3267S. Lau, L. F., and Lam, S. C. (1999). The CCN family of angiogenic regulators: the integrin connection. Exp Cell Res 248, 44-57. Lau, L. F., and Nathans, D. (1985). Identification of a set of genes expressed during the G0/G1 transition of cultured mouse cells. Embo J 4, 3145-3151. Lau, L. F., and Nathans, D. (1987). Expression of a set of growth-related immediate early genes in BALB/c 3T3 cells: coordinate regulation with c-fos or c-myc. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 84, 1182-1186. Li, H. L., Huang, Y., Zhang, C. N., Liu, G., Wei, Y. S., Wang, A. B., Liu, Y. Q., Hui, R. T., Wei, C., Williams, G. M., et al. (2006). Epigallocathechin-3 gallate inhibits cardiac hypertrophy through blocking reactive oxidative species-dependent and -independent signal pathways. Free Radic Biol Med 40, 1756-1775. Liu, J., Hadjokas, N., Mosley, B., Estrov, Z., Spence, M. J., and Vestal, R. E. (1998). Oncostatin M-specific receptor expression and function in regulating cell proliferation of normal and malignant mammary epithelial cells. Cytokine 10, 295-302. Mandel, S., Weinreb, O., Amit, T., and Youdim, M. B. (2004). Cell signaling pathways in the neuroprotective actions of the green tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate: implications for neurodegenerative diseases. J Neurochem 88, 1555-1569. Menendez, J. A., Mehmi, I., Griggs, D. W., and Lupu, R. (2003). The angiogenic factor CYR61 in breast cancer: molecular pathology and therapeutic perspectives. Endocr Relat Cancer 10, 141-152. Miles, S. A., Martinez-Maza, O., Rezai, A., Magpantay, L., Kishimoto, T., Nakamura, S., Radka, S. F., and Linsley, P. S. (1992). Oncostatin M as a potent mitogen for AIDS-Kaposi's sarcoma-derived cells. Science 255, 1432-1434. Moonga, B. S., Adebanjo, O. A., Wang, H. J., Li, S., Wu, X. B., Troen, B., Inzerillo, A., Abe, E., Minkin, C., Huang, C. L., and Zaidi, M. (2002). Differential effects of interleukin-6 receptor activation on intracellular signaling and bone resorption by isolated rat osteoclasts. J Endocrinol 173, 395-405. Murakami-Mori, K., Taga, T., Kishimoto, T., and Nakamura, S. (1995). AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) cells express oncostatin M (OM)-specific receptor but not leukemia inhibitory factor/OM receptor or interleukin-6 receptor. Complete block of OM-induced KS cell growth and OM binding by anti-gp130 antibodies. J Clin Invest 96, 1319-1327. Nam, S., Smith, D. M., and Dou, Q. P. (2001). Ester bond-containing tea polyphenols potently inhibit proteasome activity in vitro and in vivo. J Biol Chem 276, 13322-13330. Nathans, D., Lau, L. F., Christy, B., Hartzell, S., Nakabeppu, Y., and Ryder, K. (1988). Genomic response to growth factors. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 53 Pt 2, 893-900. O'Brien, C. A., Lin, S. C., Bellido, T., and Manolagas, S. C. (2000). Expression levels of gp130 in bone marrow stromal cells determine the magnitude of osteoclastogenic signals generated by IL-6-type cytokines. J Cell Biochem 79, 532-541. O'Brien, T. P., Yang, G. P., Sanders, L., and Lau, L. F. (1990). Expression of cyr61, a growth factor-inducible immediate-early gene. Mol Cell Biol 10, 3569-3577. Palmqvist, P., Persson, E., Conaway, H. H., and Lerner, U. H. (2002). IL-6, leukemia inhibitory factor, and oncostatin M stimulate bone resorption and regulate the expression of receptor activator of NF-kappa B ligand, osteoprotegerin, and receptor activator of NF-kappa B in mouse calvariae. J Immunol 169, 3353-3362. Pelletier, J. P., and Martel-Pelletier, J. (2003). Oncostatin M: foe or friend? Arthritis Rheum 48, 3301-3303. Perbal, B. (2001). NOV (nephroblastoma overexpressed) and the CCN family of genes: structural and functional issues. Mol Pathol 54, 57-79. Sah, J. F., Balasubramanian, S., Eckert, R. L., and Rorke, E. A. (2004). Epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibits epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway. Evidence for direct inhibition of ERK1/2 and AKT kinases. J Biol Chem 279, 12755-12762. Sarbassov, D. D., Ali, S. M., Kim, D. H., Guertin, D. A., Latek, R. R., Erdjument-Bromage, H., Tempst, P., and Sabatini, D. M. (2004). Rictor, a novel binding partner of mTOR, defines a rapamycin-insensitive and raptor-independent pathway that regulates the cytoskeleton. Curr Biol 14, 1296-1302. Sarbassov, D. D., Guertin, D. A., Ali, S. M., and Sabatini, D. M. (2005). Phosphorylation and regulation of Akt/PKB by the rictor-mTOR complex. Science 307, 1098-1101. Schutze, N., Kunzi-Rapp, K., Wagemanns, R., Noth, U., Jatzke, S., and Jakob, F. (2005a). Expression, purification, and functional testing of recombinant CYR61/CCN1. Protein Expr Purif 42, 219-225. Schutze, N., Noth, U., Schneidereit, J., Hendrich, C., and Jakob, F. (2005b). Differential expression of CCN-family members in primary human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells during osteogenic, chondrogenic and adipogenic differentiation. Cell Commun Signal 3, 5. Shih, C., and Yen, C. C. (1999). Effect of oncostatin-M on proliferation and activity in osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi (Taipei) 62, 710-716. Shimizu, M., and Weinstein, I. B. (2005). Modulation of signal transduction by tea catechins and related phytochemicals. Mutat Res 591, 147-160. Siddiqui, I. A., Adhami, V. M., Afaq, F., Ahmad, N., and Mukhtar, H. (2004). Modulation of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B- and mitogen-activated protein kinase-pathways by tea polyphenols in human prostate cancer cells. J Cell Biochem 91, 232-242. Singh, R., Ahmed, S., Malemud, C. J., Goldberg, V. M., and Haqqi, T. M. (2003). Epigallocatechin-3-gallate selectively inhibits interleukin-1beta-induced activation of mitogen activated protein kinase subgroup c-Jun N-terminal kinase in human osteoarthritis chondrocytes. J Orthop Res 21, 102-109. Soldi, R., Graziani, A., Benelli, R., Ghigo, D., Bosia, A., Albini, A., and Bussolino, F. (1994). Oncostatin M activates phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase in Kaposi's sarcoma cells. Oncogene 9, 2253-2260. Taga, T. (1997). The signal transducer gp130 is shared by interleukin-6 family of haematopoietic and neurotrophic cytokines. Ann Med 29, 63-72. Takahashi-Tezuka, M., Yoshida, Y., Fukada, T., Ohtani, T., Yamanaka, Y., Nishida, K., Nakajima, K., Hibi, M., and Hirano, T. (1998). Gab1 acts as an adapter molecule linking the cytokine receptor gp130 to ERK mitogen-activated protein kinase. Mol Cell Biol 18, 4109-4117. Tsai, M. S., Bogart, D. F., Li, P., Mehmi, I., and Lupu, R. (2002). Expression and regulation of Cyr61 in human breast cancer cell lines. Oncogene 21, 964-973. Waleh, N. S., Chao, W. R., Bensari, A., and Zaveri, N. T. (2005). Novel D-ring analog of epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibits tumor growth and VEGF expression in breast carcinoma cells. Anticancer Res 25, 397-402. Wegenka, U. M., Buschmann, J., Lutticken, C., Heinrich, P. C., and Horn, F. (1993). Acute-phase response factor, a nuclear factor binding to acute-phase response elements, is rapidly activated by interleukin-6 at the posttranslational level. Mol Cell Biol 13, 276-288. Weinreb, O., Mandel, S., Amit, T., and Youdim, M. B. (2004). Neurological mechanisms of green tea polyphenols in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. J Nutr Biochem 15, 506-516. Yun, J. H., Pang, E. K., Kim, C. S., Yoo, Y. J., Cho, K. S., Chai, J. K., Kim, C. K., and Choi, S. H. (2004). Inhibitory effects of green tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin gallate on the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and on the formation of osteoclasts. J Periodontal Res 39, 300-307. Zarling, J. M., Shoyab, M., Marquardt, H., Hanson, M. B., Lioubin, M. N., and Todaro, G. J. (1986). Oncostatin M: a growth regulator produced by differentiated histiocytic lymphoma cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 83, 9739-9743. Zhong, Z., Wen, Z., and Darnell, J. E., Jr. (1994). Stat3: a STAT family member activated by tyrosine phosphorylation in response to epidermal growth factor and interleukin-6. Science 264, 95-98. | |
| dc.identifier.uri | http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/25737 | - |
| dc.description.abstract | Cyr61為近幾年新發現的蛋白質，一般咸認它與細胞增生、遷移、附著、細胞存活與分化、細胞間質生成、血管新生及腫瘤生成有關。然而它在骨細胞所扮演的確切角色及機制目前仍不十分清楚。在我們的實驗中，發現osteoblast（成骨細胞）在OSM處理的情況下，會導致cyr61的生成。在cyr61表現途徑中，經由實驗發現OSM是經由轉錄 (transcription) 過程中的調控，亦即經由mRNA level產生調控作用，而這其中的過程可能是經由Akt及MAPK pathway而來：在Akt的途徑中，應是經由OSM誘導p-Akt生成，進而活化p-IkB，最後經由NF-kB之p65 subunit進到核中進行轉譯上的調控作用，而活化了cyr61的表現；另外，在MAPK的途徑中，應是經由p-38及JNK的影響。我們同時研究是否有藥物可有效抑制這樣的反應，發現加入EGCG可有效抑制成骨細胞中由OSM所誘導的cyr61之生成，且此抑制作用亦是經由抑制Akt、IkB及NF-kB而達成。 | zh_TW |
| dc.description.abstract | Cyr61 is a novel protein which is found in recent years, it is well known as the function with cell proliferation, migration, adhesion, formation of extracellular matrix (ECM), angiogenesis and tumorigenesis. However, the role of cyr61 and the regulation mechanism are still unclear now.
In our study, we found that treat osteoblast cells with OSM will up-regulates the expression of cyr61. The results of our experiments reveal that OSM-stimulated cyr61 expression is regulated at transcriptional level, which means mRNA level, but not regulated at post-translational level. Cyr61 expression may be regulated by Akt and Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. We determined that OSM induces cyr61 expression by phosphorylation and activation of Akt (p-Akt) and IkB (p-IkB). Thereafter, activated form of IkB leads to the activation of Nuclear factor-kB (NF-kB) which translocates into the nucleus to regulates gene expression at tran-scriptional level and enhances cyr61 protein expression. Also, in our study, the expression of cyr61 may be regulated by p38 and JNK. In this study, we also found that in osteoblast cells, EGCG effectively inhibit the activation of Akt, IkB, NF-kB and the expression of cyr61 which are stimulated by OSM. | en |
| dc.description.provenance | Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-08T06:27:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ntu-95-R93450009-1.pdf: 1834097 bytes, checksum: 809b9f1e858014ea02c06ba0ad5c7227 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 | en |
| dc.description.tableofcontents | INDEX
誌謝………………………………………………………………………...1 Abbreviations and Chemical symbols……………………………………4 Abstract……………………………………………………………………6 摘要………………………………………………………………………...7 I. Introduction……………………………………………………………..8 II. Materials and Methods Cell and cell culture…………………………………………………….17 Drug treatment………………………………………………………….20 Nuclear extract and total cell lysate preparation……………………….21 Western blot…………………………………………………….………24 RNA extraction: Isolate total RNA…………………………………….32 Semiquantative RT-PCR……………………………………………….34 Statistical analysis……………………………………………………...36 III. Results Oncostatin M stimulates cyr61 expression in osteoblasts……………...37 EGCG effectively inhibit Oncostatin M-induced cyr61 expression…...37 OSM stimulates cyr61 expression through transcriptional level but not protein degradation control…….…..………………..…………………38 Involvement of Akt and MAPK pathway in OSM-stimulated cyr61 expression………………………………………………………………39 OSM activates Akt and IkB to up-regulate cyr61 expression and EGCG could inhibit the activation……………………………………………..40 NF-kB is activated specifically by Akt in OSM-stimulated cyr61 expression and EGCG will reduce the activation………………………41 Inhibition of NF-kB results in significantly decrease of OSM-stimulated cyr61 expression………………………………………………………..42 IV. Discussion…………………………………………………………….44 V. Figures…………………………………………………………………49 VI. References……………………………………………………………63 | |
| dc.language.iso | en | |
| dc.subject | 成骨細胞 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject | 兒茶素 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject | EGCG | en |
| dc.subject | cyr61 | en |
| dc.subject | Akt | en |
| dc.subject | NF-kB | en |
| dc.subject | OSM | en |
| dc.title | 綠茶兒茶素對OSM誘導人類成骨細胞製造cyr61的調控機制 | zh_TW |
| dc.title | Regulation of EGCG on OSM-stimulated cyr61 expression in human osteoblast | en |
| dc.type | Thesis | |
| dc.date.schoolyear | 94-2 | |
| dc.description.degree | 碩士 | |
| dc.contributor.coadvisor | 郭彥彬(Mark Yen-Ping Kuo) | |
| dc.contributor.oralexamcommittee | 蔡芷季(Zhi-Ji Tsai) | |
| dc.subject.keyword | 成骨細胞,兒茶素, | zh_TW |
| dc.subject.keyword | OSM,cyr61,EGCG,Akt,NF-kB, | en |
| dc.relation.page | 70 | |
| dc.rights.note | 未授權 | |
| dc.date.accepted | 2006-07-27 | |
| dc.contributor.author-college | 醫學院 | zh_TW |
| dc.contributor.author-dept | 口腔生物科學研究所 | zh_TW |
| 顯示於系所單位： | 口腔生物科學研究所 | |
文件中的檔案：
| 檔案 | 大小 | 格式 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| ntu-95-1.pdf 未授權公開取用 | 1.79 MB | Adobe PDF |
系統中的文件，除了特別指名其著作權條款之外，均受到著作權保護，並且保留所有的權利。