中國大陸改革開放後憲法修改之研究(1988-2004)

Abstract

中國大陸於1982年制訂第四部憲法，即現行憲法，此部憲法至2004年為止，共歷經四次修改。本研究針對此部憲法的四次修改進行探討，希望透過分析中國大陸現行憲法的四次修改，回答下列問題：一、四次修憲的過程為何？二、四次修憲的主導者為何者？三、四次修憲各有什麼內容與特色？四、四次修憲的動因何在？五、四次修憲反映出的轉型方向為何？ 本研究假設中國大陸高頻修憲係基於經濟發展、政治民主化的要求，並透過中國共產黨將經濟、政治的要求加以處理而提出修憲建議，最後即成為人大通過的憲法修正案，而憲法修正案內容正反映了轉型的軌跡。在研究途徑方面，採分析實證法學的方法，對修改條文的內容作解釋；對於修改憲法的動因，採社會法學途徑，剖析憲法修改與社會間的關係。在社會法學的分析中，筆者採政治學中的系統論為分析架構，藉此釐清憲法修改與社會、政治、經濟間的關係，以及中國共產黨在修憲中的角色。而在研究中國共產黨如何在修憲中扮演主導者角色的部分，採用政治學的決策研究法。

對四次憲法修改之過程與內容進行分析探討之後，主要有以下三點發現：首先，中國大陸的修憲過程中，程序外階段的結果基本上預設了法定程序所通過的憲法修正案，程序外的主導者即為中國共產黨；其次，歷屆黨代表大會的報告內容、中共歷次中全會相關決議、各種中共所發出的文件，均與修憲的內容有高度相關，即以黨的決策作為重要的憲法修改方向，可稱其為一種獨特的「黨主立憲」模式；最後，憲法的修改內容反映了改革開放後中國大陸社會政經體制的轉型，以及中國共產黨角色不同於過去極權政體的轉變。

Mainland China had established the 4th constitution in 1982, which was in operation till now. Until 2004, it has been revised for 4 times. Through analyzing the 4 revisions of current constitution, this study is trying to answer the following questions: 1. what’s the procedure of the 4 revisions? 2. Who played the leading role for the 4 revisions? 3. What’re the contents of the 4 revisions? 4. What’re the motives of the 4 revisions? 5. What directions did the 4 revisions present? In this study, it is assumed that the requirement of economy development and democratization caused the frequently revisions, after that the Communist Party of China (CPC) proposed revision suggestions based on the requirement. As a result, it contributed to the constitutional amendment approved by National People’s Congress, and the contents of the amendment exactly reflected a sign of the transition. This study took the analytical jurisprudence approach to interpret the articles of the revisions. For motives of constitutional revisions, sociological jurisprudence was taken to dissect the relationship of constitutional revisions and the society. In the analysis of sociological jurisprudence, the author adopted the political system analysis as the structure to not only clarifies the relationship between the constitutional revisions and society, politics, economy but also the role of CPC in constitutional revision. Furthermore, decision-making approach in politics was introduced in how CPC played the leading role in constitutional revisions. There are three conclusions. First of all, the CPC, the dominator of the whole procedure, led the constitutional amendment beyond the legal system. Second, the reports of all CPC previous National People’s Congress and all issued documents were highly connected to the constitutional revisions. Namely the CPC’s policy decisions have been used as the guidelines of the important constitutional revisions. Finally, the constitutional revisions reflected the evolution of society, politics and economy system in Mainland China along with the conversion of CPC’s role, which is different from the past.