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完整後設資料紀錄
DC 欄位值語言
dc.contributor.advisor陳培哲,翁昭旼
dc.contributor.authorMing-Chu Changen
dc.contributor.author章明珠zh_TW
dc.date.accessioned2021-06-08T06:04:59Z-
dc.date.copyright2007-08-08
dc.date.issued2007
dc.date.submitted2007-07-24
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dc.identifier.urihttp://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/25198-
dc.description.abstract慢性胰臟炎導因於長期的發炎終以致胰臟內分泌與外分泌功能的缺失。所以,慢性胰臟炎可說是一種在形態上有不可逆的變化以及功能上有不可回復性的一種疾病,這也就是慢性胰臟炎臨床上(或功能上)的定義。慢性胰臟炎的進展迵異,可能經過十數或數十年才慢慢地導致嚴重的臨床症狀或是也可能在短時間內即進展很迅速。典型慢性胰臟炎的病理表現為胰臟組織外分泌細胞的破壞與纖維化,在組織分析上,也可見到胰管內可能有蛋白質塊沈積、胰管內結石、胰管擴張、或胰管增生或化生以及偽囊腫的發現,這些病理學的診斷通常必須經由足夠的檢體,通常來自於外科手術所取得的檢體或是解剖的組織病理檢體才足以下診斷。並且這些纖維化及病理學的變化可能不均勻地分佈在其中。在同一個胰臟不同的部位其發炎程度可能並不平均。
在過去的數十年間,有許多學者嘗試想要對於慢性胰臟炎建立一個簡單且清楚的定義與分類。先前的幾種分類法,幾乎都是各唱各的調,多半源自臨床表徵的觀察,而缺乏系統性且簡單的分類。,慢性胰臟炎的診斷與分類應兼具原因、胰臟功能和臨床表現型。Whitcomb提出針對慢性胰臟炎的原因與風險做一個評估系統的分析: TIGAR-O system,建議對每一個懷疑或被診斷為慢性胰臟炎的病人,要列出所有可能的危險因子,並且根據這些因子和臨床表現之間的相關性,希望能對其發生的原因做更進一步的了解。所謂的TIGAR-O系統,就是toxic、metabolic、genetic、autoimmune、recurrent severe pancreatitis以及obstructive chronic pancreatitis。至此在不同的時代背景不同的地域所提出的特殊型態的慢性胰臟炎,似乎都可納入在此TIGAR-O系統當中。此系統的提出在背後的更重要意涵是我們可以經由致病機轉了解慢性胰臟炎,藉此幫助病人臨床病程之追蹤與治療。
慢性胰臟炎的發生率和其流行病學的研究,事實上資料相當有限,主要的原因在於慢性胰臟炎並不屬於惡性疾病,所以在絕大多數的國家並沒有慢性胰臟炎的登記系統。再者由於慢性胰臟炎的診斷與定義並不清楚與明確,所以大多數人對於急性與慢性定義或分類之混淆或不了解對於胰臟發炎的基本觀念已有很大的轉變,所以想得到慢性胰臟炎之可靠資訊可說是十分困難。目前認為可能可信的資訊是來自於對於治療胰臟疾病有經驗的醫學或研究中心。 至於想要了解其致病原因及分析流行病學,就會牽涉到如何對慢性胰臟炎下診斷:最可靠的方法是根據組織病理(足夠的標本通常是外科組織標本),但是這在臨床上並不常使用,此外診斷標準的界定也會影響到流行病學調查結果的不同。最後則是在不同的地域國家,發生慢性胰臟炎的原因也可能不同。
慢性胰臟炎目前並沒有任何特效藥,所以希望藉由對發病原因與風險的評估,以期對這些病人的將來與預後和治療能有幫忙。如果我們回顧過去這一百年來有關慢性胰臟炎的研究,就可以發現1996年是一個重要的分水嶺,也就是開始發現基因和胰臟炎相關的時代,因為在1996年之前所有的研究都是分析其臨床病理的表現,在1996年之後發現cationic trypsinogen gene (PRSS1)和cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance(CFTR)與慢性胰臟炎之發生相關。愈來愈多證據顯示不同原因別的慢性胰臟炎似乎都與這些基因有不同程度的相關,是所謂慢性胰臟炎的基因時代。
本研究共分三部份
第一部份是慢性胰臟炎的臨床資料整理,重新審視與分類
第二部分是不明原因慢性胰臟炎與CFTR 和tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-alpha promoter之基因關聯研究
第三部分是嘗試找出鑑別慢性胰臟炎與胰臟癌之生物標記。

慢性胰臟炎在台灣的資料,到目前都沒有正式的報告,對於慢性胰臟炎的原因別和分類,病人的臨床病理資料等等,也都十分的缺乏。至於慢性胰臟炎在中國人種的基因背景在之前也沒有任何的文獻報告。所以我們研究的目標主要是分析台灣華人或在台灣的中國人慢性胰臟炎的臨床病理特徵分析,並嘗試以新的分類方式對比舊的分類方式來分析。第二部分則是有關慢性胰臟炎的基因研究。

我們嘗試用兩個不同資料庫來分析慢性胰臟炎在中國人或台灣華人的情形,在這十二年間,也就是民國83-94年間每一年新發生慢性胰臟炎的個案數,其實並沒有明顯的上升或減少,對照目前西方的報告來看,他們也認為慢性胰臟炎個案的總數目前可能是持平的,這一點和國外的報告相近。至於在性別方面不論是源自病歷資料庫或是病理資料庫我們都可以發現病人都是以男生為多,女生較少。如果我們逐年來看發生慢性胰臟炎的原因,我們可以發現喝酒不論臨床或病理上都佔有蠻大的比例。而不明原因慢性胰臟炎在病理資料庫當中所佔的比例似乎有逐年上升趨勢,已經是慢性胰臟炎在台灣的主要或次要原因。
本研究的第二部分我們想了解的是慢性胰臟炎的基因背景,我們嘗試由兩種方面的基因來著手: CFTR和西方人發生不明原因慢性胰臟炎有關,是一個非常重要的基因;TNF-alpha則是和胰臟纖維化與發炎反應有關。
WHO定義CFTR基因變異的單一表現型中包括了慢性胰臟炎。CFTR的功能本身是一種氯離子通道,它可以調控上皮細胞內外兩側的HCO3-、氯離子和水的平衡。CFTR基因大約有230 kb,蛋白質由1480個氨基酸組成。CFTR protein的表現會受到CFTR基因變異程度的影響。CFTR的基因變異和胰臟功能之間的關係亦即其基因型-表現型之間的相關性最高。CFTR和不明原因慢性胰臟炎之間有相關的首次發表是在1998年同時在NEJM發表的兩篇文章。所以我們收集了2000-2005年在台大醫院確定診斷為慢性胰臟炎的病人,當中48位男性,30位女性,200個對照組的病人,分析 CFTR的變異和基因多型性以及配子型分析研究。CFTR是人類已知的基因當中,基因型非常複雜的基因,所以目前都推薦以DHPLC來做。所以我們將CFTR 27個exon包括intron用PCR的方法放大,並且以DHPLC分析 ,如果得到異常結果再做進一步的核酸定序分析。並且分析的結果都與目前CFTR變異資料庫來做核對。除了變異之外,CFTR變異會受到轉譯或轉錄層次調控。對於目前已知有功能性的基因多型性,我們直接進行了核酸定序的方法來分析,進一步看他們的基因型與表現型之間之相關,此外也進一步做配合子的分析。
本研究也是首次有關於華人慢性胰臟炎之發生與CFTR相關的報告。這是一個病例對照研究,在不明原因慢性胰臟炎患者中,CFTR的對偶基因突變率為14.1﹪,在對照組為4.8﹪,不明原因慢性胰臟炎患者中有24.4﹪具有CFTR突變,對照組有9.5﹪。根據我們的研究,具有CFTR異常對偶基因的帶原者(carrier),發生慢性胰臟炎的機會為對照組的9倍。CFTR的突變分布比較廣散,在某些變異的點位只出現在慢性胰臟炎的病人,在對照組的病人並沒有變化。在所有的突變當中以I556發生率最高。分析基因型與表現型的相關時,我們發現具有5T的對偶基因的患者其發生不明原因慢性胰臟炎的年齡較輕,這些CFTR carrier的poly TG repeat 數目均為12或13。我們對於6個已知有功能上影響的基因多型性位址,組成配合子進一步分析。包括了125G1C,100/T11C>T,M470V,2694T>G,4521G>A而經由permutation test發現在中國人CFTR最常見的配合子型有13種,當中以 125C /1001+11C/ T7TG12/470M/2694T /4521G 的配合子最常見。而125G/100/T11C/TG12/470M/2694T/4521G的配合子型和中國人發生不明原因慢性胰臟炎的相關性最高(OR 11.3,95﹪信賴區間為2.5-54.6)。
本研究顯示出不同地域與人種和CFTR基因變化有很大之不同。因此針對CFTR知基因篩檢時,應就族群之不同而分別訂定。本研究建立了中國人CFTR基因在不明原因慢性胰臟炎與正常人變化的基因資料庫,對於未來其他與CFTR相關之疾病之背景與資料庫建立特定表現型(例如CF,不明原因慢性胰臟炎,與CABVD)提供了一個重要的資訊。

許多慢性發炎性疾病均和TNF-alpha有關。至於TNF-alpha和慢性胰臟炎之間是否有相關,我們發現在以往歐洲和美國的報告呈現不一致,這可能導因於先前所收案的研究中的族群不夠均質化,或者也部份源自於地域人種的不同。至於TNF-alpha的基因多型性,和中國人或台灣華人的慢性胰臟炎有沒有相關,相當值得進一步的研究。本論文總共收集70個慢性胰臟炎病人,其中48位男性,22個女性以及200個對照組。在此病例對照研究中,病人的年齡和性別都沒有統計學上的差異。我們排除了遺傳型的胰臟炎有關的情形,合併胰臟癌的病人也排除在外。我們的結果顯示TNF863,CA或AA的基因型,和我們族群慢性胰臟炎的發生最為相關,其OR為4.919(p值小於0.001),如果我們以單一的基因多型性來分析,我們發現863A或103C的帶原者都和病人慢性胰臟炎的發生最為相關,具有統計學上的差異。配子型如果按照1031/863/857/308/238的排列, TACAG ,CATGG和CACAG和中國人的慢性胰臟炎發生最為相關。我們的結果顯示出TNF-alpha與中國人慢性胰臟炎之發生相關性存在,在TNF-alpha promoter的863A或者是含有863A的配合子和慢性胰臟炎發生的相關性最高。至於TNF-alpha在整個胰臟炎形成之中扮演什麼樣的角色,值得未來繼續研究。
慢性胰臟炎已被認為是罹患胰臟癌的高危險族群。根據不同於原因引起的慢性胰臟炎其得到胰臟癌的風險亦不同,例如具有遺傳性慢性胰臟炎之患者終生的到胰臟癌的機會為40﹪,其風險是一般人的數十至數百倍,而酒精性慢性胰臟炎得到胰臟癌的風險是一般人的四倍。其他不同類別的慢性胰臟炎得到胰臟癌的機會也是正常人之2倍。當慢性胰臟炎的病人出現其胰臟出現局部腫大時,有時在臨床上並無不同的症狀。所以,如何鑑別特定病人的胰臟局部腫大,是慢性發炎所導致的假腫瘤,或是已併發胰臟癌,是很重要的臨床問題。相反地,對於某些確實患有慢性胰臟炎的病人,可能也會因為腫瘤源起於或壓迫到主胰管,而使得其後方之胰管擴張,而引起胰臟慢慢萎縮。發展出準確度和敏感度較佳的非侵襲性生物標記,是胰臟研究一直以來的方向與目標。
最傳統或最常使用的指數是CA19-9,通常是用在胰臟癌病人治療過程中追蹤他們的治療效果。但是,是否CA19-9可以用來當作區分胰臟癌或者是慢性胰臟炎的指標則到目前仍未有定論。此外,CA19-9在一些慢性發炎的疾病或包括慢性肝炎,腎功能不好或是慢性胰臟發炎或病人有任何原因的黃疸,都可以使得CA19-9指數假性上升。反過來說,在人口中約有百分之十左右的病人並不表現lewis antigen,所以他們即使他們發生了胰臟癌,他們的CA19-9指數也不會上升。依照以往文獻的報告想要用CA19-9來區分慢性胰臟炎或者是胰臟癌,正確率大約只有六成左右,因為大約有百分之四十左右的病人,他們的CA19-9可能已經上升。其他的腫瘤標記,譬如說CEA,CA-242,CA-50,CA-724等都被嘗試拿來作為診斷胰臟癌,但是可惜這些腫瘤標記的特異性和敏感性均不佳,所以仍然沒有辦法用來診斷胰臟癌,但目前為止,並沒有任何理想的腫瘤標記可以提昇胰臟癌的早期診斷。
在腸胃道癌症中,有文獻報告指出在胃癌的病人,其血液中adiponectin (ADP)的濃度與他的存活有或疾病分期有關。乳癌,子宮內膜癌都發現他們血液中的ADP濃度與病人腫瘤預後相關。乳癌或大腸癌的病人,當他們出現了癌症的消瘦(cachexia)時,病人血中ADP的濃度會有明顯的變化。 此外,囊狀纖維化之病人其ADP 亦異於正常人。到目前為止,有關於ADP胰臟癌或是慢性胰臟癌的關係則沒有任何報告。至於是否ADP的濃度與癌症的侵襲性或是嚴重度相關,目前尚無任何文獻之報告。
本研究的第三部分有關於血中ADP濃度與慢性胰臟炎和胰臟癌的首次報告。我們發現血中ADP濃度在慢性胰臟炎和胰臟癌的病人都比正常人為高,根據多變相分析,我們評估了年齡,性別,空腹血糖、肝指數;黃疸指數;總膽固醇,三酸甘油脂以及BMI以預測血中ADP濃度與胰臟癌的關係,結果我們發現只有黃疸和BMI是影響血中ADP濃度的獨立危險因子。如果我們將ADP值界定在28,也就是慢性胰臟炎族群的ADP平均值再加上兩個標準差,發現對於診斷胰臟癌的特異性則可大幅提高到97.4﹪。所以這樣的分析顯示出血中ADP界定值提到最高用來區分慢性胰臟炎和胰臟癌的可能性也就越高。在區分慢性胰臟炎或是胰臟癌,比較其AUC之下的面積大小,以ADP較CA19-9為高。這些發現都暗示出血中的ADP具有分辨慢性胰臟炎或是胰臟癌的潛力,尤其是當兩者的CA19-9都上升的情況。
綜而言之,本研究是有關台灣華人慢性胰臟炎基因背景之首次分析,也是首次大規模有關於台灣地區成人慢性胰臟炎的臨床研究。在基因診斷方面對於過去所不瞭解的一些不明原因的慢性胰臟炎,提供初步的基礎。我們也發現與CP是一個與基因相關的疾病。且不同種族以及地域性間的差異很大。經由本論文之完成,我們建立了台灣地區的慢性胰臟炎CFTR之基因分析方式、初步的臨床及基因資料庫。對於不明原因之慢性胰臟炎基因分析,以早期找出帶有突變基因者;而對於早期診斷出帶有突變基因者,則可以提早開始定期之臨床追蹤,給予良好的心理支持,並監測胰臟癌之發生,以期長期的存活率。
根據我們的研究,我們提出了一個台灣地區診斷慢性胰臟炎的建議流程圖(圖28),在未來將嘗試尋找其他基因變化之可能並分析基因與基因間之交互作用,亦將考慮用動物模式或細胞模式,了解讓基因突變或變異影響胰臟腺細胞或胰管上皮細胞之機轉,希望能更進一步地了解慢性胰臟炎形成的過程與致病機轉。
zh_TW
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Previous issue date: 2007
en
dc.description.tableofcontents一中文摘要----------------------------------------------------------5
二緒論-------------------------------------------------------------10
2.1 慢性胰臟炎的定義與慢性胰臟炎的診斷------------------------ 10
2.2 慢性胰臟炎的分類-------------------------------------------14
2.3慢性胰臟炎的臨床表現---------------------------------------17
2.4 慢性胰臟炎的流行病學---------------------------------------19
2.5 慢性胰臟炎的新進展與尚未解決的問題-------------------------21
2.6 慢性胰臟炎的基因變化與變異---------------------------------23
2.6.1 CFTR 基因的變異(突變與基因多形性) ------------------ 23
2.6.2 TNF alpha promoter的基因多型性----------------------29
2.7 慢性胰臟炎與胰臟癌的鑑別診斷------------------------------30
2.7.1慢性胰臟炎與胰臟癌-----------------------------------30
2.7.2 鑑別慢性胰臟炎與胰臟癌的生物標記---------------------31
2.8 研究方向假說與目標-----------------------------------------32
三方法-------------------------------------------------------------33
3.1慢性胰臟炎之臨床研究---------------------------------------33
3.2 慢性胰臟炎之基因研究---------------------------------------34
3.2.1 CFTR基因的變異(突變、基因多型性與配分析)和慢性胰臟炎之相關性研究--------------------------------------------40
3.2.2 TNF alpha promoter多型性和慢性胰臟炎之相關性研究41
3.3尋找鑑別慢性胰臟炎與胰臟癌的生物標記-----------------------42
3.3.1 傳統的生物標記:CA19-9 與CEA------------------------ 42
3.3.2脂泌素在慢性胰臟炎與胰臟癌之變化---------------------43
四結果-------------------------------------------------------------44
4.1慢性胰臟炎之臨床研究---------------------------------------44
4.2 慢性胰臟炎之基因研究---------------------------------------46
4.2.1 CFTR 基因的變異(突變,基因多形性,配合子分析)---------- 46
4.2.2 TNF alpha promoter的變異(基因多形性,配合子分析)-48
4.3比較傳統與具有潛能之生物標記鑑別慢性胰臟炎與胰臟癌---------50
五討論-------------------------------------------------------------51
5.1慢性胰臟炎之臨床研究---------------------------------------51
5.2慢性胰臟炎之基因研究---------------------------------------53
5.2.1 CFTR 基因的變異--------------------------------------53
5.2.2 TNF alpha promoter的變異-------------------------58
5.3鑑別慢性胰臟炎與胰臟癌之生物標記---------------------------60
六展望
6.1 慢性胰臟炎之基因診斷與基因基因間交互作用------------------62
6.2 慢性胰臟炎之早期診斷--------------------------------------64
6.3 基因檢測--------------------------------------------------66
七論文英文簡述----------------------------------------------------67
八參考文獻--------------------------------------------------------85
九圖表------------------------------------------------------------95
十附錄-----------------------------------------------------------146
dc.language.isozh-TW
dc.title慢性胰臟炎的臨床研究與基因分析zh_TW
dc.titleClinical and Genetic Analysis of Chronic Pancreatitisen
dc.typeThesis
dc.date.schoolyear95-2
dc.description.degree博士
dc.contributor.advisor-orcid,翁昭旼(jmwong@ha.mc.ntu.edu.tw)
dc.contributor.oralexamcommittee張美惠,常蘭陽,鄭惠華
dc.subject.keyword慢性胰臟炎,突變,基因多形性,zh_TW
dc.subject.keywordchronic pancreatitis,mutation,polymorphism,CFTR,TNF-alpha,pancreatic cancer,en
dc.relation.page143
dc.rights.note未授權
dc.date.accepted2007-07-24
dc.contributor.author-college醫學院zh_TW
dc.contributor.author-dept臨床醫學研究所zh_TW
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