請用此 Handle URI 來引用此文件:
http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/24993
完整後設資料紀錄
DC 欄位 | 值 | 語言 |
---|---|---|
dc.contributor.advisor | 金傳春(Chwan-Chuen King) | |
dc.contributor.author | Hsiu-Ping Lin | en |
dc.contributor.author | 林琇蘋 | zh_TW |
dc.date.accessioned | 2021-06-08T05:59:48Z | - |
dc.date.copyright | 2007-09-12 | |
dc.date.issued | 2007 | |
dc.date.submitted | 2007-07-31 | |
dc.identifier.citation | 1. Amonsin A, Songserm T, Chutinimitkul S, Jam-On R, Sae-Heng N, Pariyothorn N, Payungporn S, Theamboonlers A, Poovorawan Y. (2007) Genetic analysis of influenza A virus (H5N1) derived from domestic cat and dog in Thailand. Arch Virol. 2007 Jun 18.
2. Bridges CB, Lim W, Hu-Primmer J, Sims L, Fukuda K, Mak KH, Rowe T, Thompson WW, Conn L, Lu X, Cox NJ, Katz JM. (2002) Risk of influenza A (H5N1) infection among poultry workers, Hong Kong, 1997-1998. J Infect Dis. 185:1005-1010. 3. Bean WJ, Kawaoka Y and Webster RG. (1986) Genetic characterization of H5N2 influenza viruses isolated from poultry in 1986. In: Proc. 2nd International Symposium on Avian Influenza. U.S. Animal Health Association, Athens, GA. pp. 207–214. 4. Beare AS, and Webster RG. (1991) Replication of avian influenza viruses in humans. Arch. Virol. 119:37–42. 5. Bricaire F. Avian flu, what are the risks of inter-human transmission? (2004) Presse Med. 33:366-367. 6. Brugh M. (1988) Highly pathogenic virus recovered from chickens infected with mildly pathogenic 1986 isolates of H5N2 avian influenza virus. Avian Dis. 32:695-703. 7. Brugh M, Perdue ML. (1991) Emergence of highly pathogenic virus during selective chicken passage of the prototype mildly pathogenic chicken/Pennsylvania/83 (H5N2) influenza virus. Avian Dis. 35:824-833. 8. Callan RJ, Early G, kida H, Hinshaw VS. (1995) The appearance of H3 influenza viruses in seals. J Gen Virol 76:199-203. 9. Capua I, Mutinelli F, Pozza MD, Donatelli I, Puzelli S, Cancellotti FM. (2002) The 1999-2000 avian influenza (H7N1) epidemic in Italy: veterinary and human health implications. Acta Trop. 83:7-11. 10. Capua I, Alexander DJ. (2004) Avian influenza: recent developments. Avi Pahol. 33:393-404. 11. Chen H, Smith GJ, Li KS, Wang J, Fan XH, Rayner JM, Vijaykrishna D, Zhang JX, Zhang LJ, Guo CT, Cheung CL, Xu KM, Duan L, Huang K, Qin K, Leung YH, Wu WL, Lu HR, Chen Y, Xia NS, Naipospos TS, Yuen KY, Hassan SS, Bahri S, Nguyen TD, Webster RG, Peiris JS, Guan Y. (2006) Establishment of multiple sublineages of H5N1 influenza virus in Asia: Implications for pandemic control. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103:2845-2850. 12. Chen JM, Chen JW, Dai JJ, Sun YX. (2007) A survey of human cases of H5N1 avian influenza reported by the WHO before June 2006 for infection control. Am J Infect Control. 2007 Jun;35(5):351-3 13. Claas EC, Osterhaus AD, van Beek R, De Jong JC, Rimmelzwaan GF, Senne DA, Krauss S, Shortridge KF, Webster RG. (1998) Human influenza A H5N1 virus related to a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus. Lancet. 351:472-477. 14. Disease outbreak news. World Heath Organization (WHO), website: http://www.who.int/csr/don/en/ 15. Eckroade RJ, Bachin LAS. (2003) Avian Influenza in Pennsylvania the Beginning. Avian Diseases, Vol. 47, Special Issue. Second International Symposium on Avian Influenza. 1986 Proceedings, pp. 22-32. 16. Hinshaw VS, Bean WJ, Webster RG. (1984) Are seals frequently infected with avian influenza viruses? J Virol 51:683-685. 17. Hinshaw VS, Bean WJ, Geraci J, Fiorelli P, Early G, Webster RG. (1986) Characterization of influenza A viruses from a pilot whale. J Virol 58:655-656. 18. Horimoto T, Nakayama K, Smeekens SP, Kawaoka Y. (1994) Proprotein-processing endoproteases PC6 and furin both activate hemagglutinin of virulent avian influenza viruses. J Virol 68:6074-6078. 19. Horimoto T, Rivera E, Pearson J, Senne D, Krauss S, Kawaoka Y, Webster RG. (1995) Origin and molecular changes associated with emergence of a highly pathogenic H5N2 influenza virus in Mexico. Virology. 213:223-230. 20. Hulse-Post DJ, Sturm-Ramirez KM, Humberd J, Seiler P, Govorkova EA, Krauss S, Scholtissek C, Puthavathana P, Buranathai C, Nguyen TD, Long HT, Naipospos TS, Chen H, Ellis TM, Guan Y, Peiris JS, Webster RG. (2005) Role of domestic ducks in the propagation and biological evolution of highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza viruses in Asia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102:10682-10687. 21. Katz JM, Lim W, Bridges CB, Rowe T, Hu-Primmer J, Lu X, Abernathy RA, Clarke M, Conn L, Kwong H, Lee M, Au G, Ho YY, Mak KH, Cox NJ, Fukuda K. (1999) Antibody response in individuals infected with avian influenza A (H5N1) viruses and detection of anti-H5 antibody among household and social contacts. J Infect Dis. 180:1763-1770. 22. Kawaoka Y, Naeve CW, Webster RG. (1984) Is virulence of H5N2 influenza viruses in chickens associated with loss of carbohydrate from the hemagglutinin? Virology. 139:303-316. 23. Kendal et al. (1982) Concepts and procedures for laboratory-based influenza surveillance. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Ga, 1982. 24. Klingeborn B, Englund L, Rott R, Juntti N, Rockborn G. (1985) An avian influenza A virus killing a mammalian species-the mink. Brief report. Arch Virol 86:347-351. 25. Lee CW, Swayne DE, Linares JA, Senne DA, Suarez DL. (2005) H5N2 avian influenza outbreak in Texas in 2004: the first highly pathogenic strain in the United States in 20 years? J Virol. 79:11412-11421. 26. Leschnik M, Weikel J, Möstl K, Revilla-Fernández S, Wodak E, Bagó Z, Vanek E, Benetka V, Hess M, Thalhammer JG. (2007) Subclinical infection with avian influenza A (H5N1) virus in cats. Emerg Infect Dis. 13:243-247. 27. Liao (2004) Tempo-spatial Differences and Travel History Affecting Variations of Fujian-like H3N2 Influenza Viruses in Taiwan and Kinmen, 2002-2004. Master Degree Thesis 2004, Institute of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C. 28. Liu M, He S, Walker D, Zhou N, Perez DR, Mo B, Li F, Huang X, Webster RG, Webby RJ. (2003) The influenza virus gene pool in a poultry market in South central china. Virology. 305:267-275. 29. Lowen AC, Palese P. (2007) Seasonal factors affecting influenza virus transmission. In: Proc. Options for the Control of Influenza VI. Toronto, Canada. pp. 63. 30. Meijer A, Bosman A, van de Kamp EE, Wilbrink B, van Beest Holle Mdu R, Koopmans M. (2006) Measurement of antibodies to avian influenza virus A(H7N7) in humans by hemagglutination inhibition test. J Virol Methods. 132:113-120. 31. Mounts AW, Kwong H, Izurieta HS, Ho Y, Au T, Lee M, Buxton Bridges C, Williams SW, Mak KH, Katz JM, Thompson WW, Cox NJ, Fukuda K. (1999) Case-control study of risk factors for avian influenza A (H5N1) disease, Hong Kong, 1997. J Infect Dis. 180:505-508. 32. Nguyen DC, Uyeki TM, Jadhao S, Maines T, Shaw M, Matsuoka Y, Smith C, Rowe T, Lu X, Hall H, Xu X, Balish A, Klimov A, Tumpey TM, Swayne DE, Huynh LP, Nghiem HK, Nguyen HH, Hoang LT, Cox NJ, Katz JM. (2005) Isolation and characterization of avian influenza viruses, including highly pathogenic H5N1, from poultry in live bird markets in Hanoi, Vietnam, in 2001. J Virol. 79:4201-4212. 33. Panigrahy B, Senne DA, Pedersen JC. (2002) Avian influenza virus subtypes inside and outside the live bird markets, 1993-2000: a spatial and temporal relationship. Avian Dis. 46:298-307 34. Profeta ML, and Palladino G. (1986) Serological evidence of human infections with avian influenza viruses. Arch. Virol. 90:355–360. 35. Puzelli S, Di Trani L, Fabiani C, Campitelli L, De Marco MA, Capua I, Aguilera JF, Zambon M, Donatelli I. (2005) Serological analysis of serum samples from humans exposed to avian H7 influenza viruses in Italy between 1999 and 2003. J Infect Dis. 192:1318-1322. 36. Rowe T, Abernathy RA, Hu-Primmer J, Thompson WW, Lu X, Lim W, Fukuda K, Cox NJ, Katz JM. (1999) Detection of antibody to avian influenza A (H5N1) virus in human serum by using a combination of serologic assays. J Clin Microbiol. 37:937-943. 37. Schafer W. (1955) Vergleichende sero-immunologische Untersuchungen uber die Viren der Influenza und Klassischen Geflugelpest. Z Naturforschi 10b, 81. 38. Scholtissek C, Burger H, Bachmann PA, Hannoun C. (1983) Genetic relatedness of hemagglutinins of the H1 subtypes of influenza A viruses isolated from swine and bird. Virology 129:521-523. 39. Senne DA, Pedersen JC, and Panigrahy B. (2003) Live-bird markets in the northeastern United States: a source of avian influenza in commercial poultry. Websites: birdflubook.com/resources/senne19.pdf 40. Shortridge KF, and Stuart-Harris CH. (1982) An influenza Epicenter? Lancet 2:812-813. 41. Shortridge KF. (1992) Pandemic influenza: a zoonosis? Semin Respir Infect. 7:11-25. 42. Skowronski DM, Li Y, Tweed SA, Tam TW, Petric M, David ST, Marra F, Bastien N, Lee SW, Krajden M, Brunham RC. (2007) Protective measures and human antibody response during an avian influenza H7N3 outbreak in poultry in British Columbia, Canada. CMAJ. 176:47-53. 43. Smallman-Raynor M, Cliff AD. (2007) Avian influenza A (H5N1) age distribution in humans. Emerg Infect Dis. 13:510-512. 44. Stephenson I, Wood JM, Nicholson KG, Zambon MC. (2003) Sialic acid receptor specificity on erythrocytes affects detection of antibody to avian influenza haemagglutinin. J Med Virol. 70:391-398. 45. Songserm T, Amonsin A, Jam-on R, Sae-Heng N, Pariyothorn N, Payungporn S, Theamboonlers A, Chutinimitkul S, Thanawongnuwech R, Poovorawan Y. (2006) Fatal avian influenza A H5N1 in a dog. Emerg Infect Dis 12:1744-1747. 46. Suarez DL, Garcia M, Latimer J, Senne D, and Perdue M. (1999) Phylogenetic analysis of H7 avian influenza viruses isolated from the live bird market of the northeast United States. J Viro. 73:3567-3573. 47. Swayne DE. (2006) Occupational and consumer risks from avian influenza viruses. Dev Biol (Basel). 124:85-90. 48. Taisuke H., Kawaoka Y. (2001) Pandemic threat posed by avian influenza A viruses. Clin Microbiol Rev 14:129–149. 49. Tweed SA, Skowronski DM, David ST, Larder A, Petric M, Lees W, Li Y, Katz J, Krajden M, Tellier R, Halpert C, Hirst M, Astell C, Lawrence D, Mak A. (2004) Human illness from avian influenza H7N3, British Columbia. Emerg Infect Dis. 10:2196-2199. 50. Update on avian influenza in animals. World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), website: http://www.oie.int/downld/AVIAN%20INFLUENZA/A_AI-Asia.htm. 51. Vong S, Coghlan B, Mardy S, Holl D, Seng H, Ly S, Miller MJ, Buchy P, Froehlich Y, Dufourcq JB, Uyeki TM, Lim W, Sok T. (2006) Low frequency of poultry-to-human H5NI virus transmission, southern Cambodia, 2005. Emerg Infect Dis. 12:1542-1547. 52. Walker JA, Sakaguchi T, Matsuta Y, Yoshida T, Kawaoka Y. (1992) Location and character of the cellular enzyme that cleaves the hemagglutinin of a virulent avian influenza virus. Virology 190:278-287. 53. Wang M, Di B, Zhou DH, Zheng BJ, Jing H, Lin YP, Liu YF, Wu XW, Qin PZ, Wang YL, Jian LY, Li XZ, Xu JX, Lu EJ, Li TG, Xu J. (2006) Food markets with live birds as source of avian influenza. Emerg Infect Dis. 12:1773-1775. 54. Webster RG, Bean WI, Gorman OT, Chambers TM, and Kawaoka Y. (1992) Evolution and ecology of influenza A virus. Microbiol Rev 56:152–179. 55. Webster RG. (2004) Wet markets--a continuing source of severe acute respiratory syndrome and influenza? Lancet. 363:234-236. 56. World Health Organization. (2006) Epidemiology of WHO-confirmed human cases of avian influenza A (H5N1) infection. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 81:249–257. 57. Yen HL. Epidemiological study of interspecies transmission of avian influenza viruses in Taiwan. Master Degree Thesis 2000, Institute of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C. | |
dc.identifier.uri | http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/24993 | - |
dc.description.abstract | 流行性感冒(簡稱流感)病毒H5N1是自然界理論上共144種流感病毒亞型中,在公共衛生上最重要的亞型,在保護不足、消毒不全的情況下,極易從與禽/鳥不經意的接觸而傳染給人,是人畜共通傳染病。自1997年迄今高致病性禽流感病毒H5N1已在人群中造成30-75%的致死率,多數案例出現於亞洲的養禽業者;未來H5N1病毒仍會持續突變及與其它不同宿主的流感病毒進行基因重組,若進而跨越宿主而感染大量人群,將造成公共衛生的一大夢魘。為此本研究特別在禽類及禽流感易感染的高危險族群中,分別進行病毒偵測與血清偵測,以確保台灣民眾的健康。本研究含兩大部份:(一) 自2005年10月至2006年10月人禽交界的活禽批發市場進行家禽流行性感冒病毒的病毒監測;及(二)自2005年10月至2007年1月收集台灣禽畜相關人員共607隻血清,進行其對台灣低致病性家禽流行性感冒病毒H5N2的血清抗體監測。
作法上,在家禽流行性感冒病毒監測方面,採集禽的糞便檢體1924支,以無特殊病原9~12日齡雞胚胎蛋進行病毒培養,再以對該病毒H1, H2, H4, H5, H6, H7亞型專一的引子經由反轉錄-聚合酶鏈反應(reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, RT-PCR)法進行家禽流行性感冒病毒亞型之鑑別;在人員血清監測上,以自2005年10月本活禽市場家鴨分離的低致病性家禽流行性感冒病毒H5N2 [A/duck/Taiwan/LBM01/2005 (H5N2)]為抗原,以改良的血球凝集抑制試驗與血球凝集抗原(HAU)為1單位篩檢禽畜相關人員血清中此病毒抗體力價,其呈陽性的血清,再以微中和試驗及西方式墨點法進行確認。 本研究的病毒監測發現鴨的家禽流行性感冒病毒分離率(12.02%, 97/807)高於雞的家禽流行性感冒病毒分離率(0.27%, 3/1117, p<0.05),亞型中以H4最多(79%, 79/100),其次為H5(29%, 29/100)、H1 (17%, 17/100)、H6(9%, 9/100)、H2(5%, 5/100)與H7(0%)。此外,整體家禽流行性感冒病毒分離率最高的月份在2006年的2月(33.3%),同月也有兩種以上的家禽流行性感冒病毒同時存於活禽市場中,且以H4及H5亞型居多,各為4%(79/1924)及2%(29/1924)。血球凝集基因的演化樹分析,發現台灣活禽市場鴨低致病性家禽流行性感冒病毒H5亞型彼此間自成一族群,且與自1997至2006年在東南亞國家、美洲、歐洲禽鳥類的高致病性鳥/禽流感病毒H5N1或其他非H5N1的H5病毒均不具演化上的關聯;更重要的是與2003年台灣的低致病性家禽流行性感冒病毒H5N2亦不同,這些證據指出本研究分離的低致病性家禽流行性感冒病毒H5儼然已在台灣落地生根了。 在高危險群血清監測,共搜集607禽畜相關人員(平均年齡為46±11.5歲,男:女=7:3)的血清,以血球凝集抑制法,篩檢其對[A/duck/Taiwan/LBM01/2005(H5N2)]病毒的抗體,發現140位禽畜人員血清對此病毒的抗體力價大於40。扣除抗體力價無變化的配對血清後,總抗體盛行率為23.5% (133/566)。單變項分析顯示禽畜相關人員得到H5感染最主要的危險因子為年齡與職業,年齡在52歲以上及40至52歲者得此H5病毒感染之風險分別是其年齡低於40歲者的3.14倍(95%信賴區間為1.82至5.43;p<0.0001)及1.79倍(95%信賴區間為1.03至3.11;p=0.038);職業暴露中,豬農得此病毒感染的風險最高【勝算比(Odds Ratio, OR)為21.6,95%信賴區間為3.94~118,p<0.0001】;活禽市場工作者次之【勝算比為4.87,95%信賴區間為1.46~16.2,p<0.006】;官方動物疾病控制人員再次之【勝算比為4.33,95%信賴區間為1.14~16.5,p=0.02】;鴨農得到感染的風險也不低【勝算比為3.94,95%信賴區間為1.06~14.6,p=0.03】;雞農比鴨農的風險更低【勝算比為1.66,95%信賴區間為0.45~6.11,p=0.44】。進一步以市場工作者的家人為比較分析工作職責,發現市場清潔工與家禽屠體處理者的危險性皆為2.5倍(95%信賴區間:0.19~32.20,p=0.47及0.21~29.25,p=0.46);而市場販賣者的危險性是2.39倍(95%信賴區間:0.27~21.29,p= 0.42);屠殺家禽人員的危險性是1.82倍(95%信賴區間:0.19~17.19,p= 0.60);其它因子如個人配戴防護裝備頻率、住家附近有動物飼養場、六個月內有購買寵物、一年內出國旅遊及三個月內有類流感症狀等,均不具有統計的顯著差異。 本研究發現台灣的禽畜相關人員已持續多月處於家禽流行性感冒病毒H5的暴露之下,且部份禽畜相關人員已具有家禽流行性感冒病毒H5的抗體。雖現今台灣仍為高致病性禽流感病毒的非疫區,但在中國大陸及東南亞各國疫情不斷延燒的威脅下,且活禽市場具多種家禽流行性感冒病毒亞型同時存在、多種宿主及人禽交界的多項特徵,為保障民眾的健康,因此未來仍需持續追蹤台灣活禽市場內家禽流行性感冒病毒的跨宿主演化潛力及禽畜人員血清中此類病毒的抗體變化,最有效的防疫作為實有賴政府、學界及民眾三方面的坦誠合作,必能杜絕後患。 | zh_TW |
dc.description.abstract | Since 1997, outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) (H5N1) have continued to occur all over the world. Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) became an emerging zoonostic disease which had caused more than three hundred human cases, and 192 of them died till June 11, 2007. Live-bird market (LBM) was thought as a mixing pool of AIVs and occupational exposure was a potential risk factor for acquiring the infection. In order to establish a systematic surveillance in the avian-human interface, we combined both virological surveillance in one whole-sale LBM in Taiwan during October 2005-October 2006 and serological surveillance among poultry-related workers in Taiwan and Kinmen from October 2005 to January 2007.
To evaluate viral evolution of AIVs in LBM, we weekly collected fecal swabs of chickens and ducks from one whole-sale LBM in Taiwan and got 1924 specimens for viral culture using special pathogen free (SPF) chicken embryotic eggs. H1, H2, H4, H5, H6, H7 subtype-specific primers and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were employed to identify the subtypes of the circulating AIVs within LBM. To investigate the potential of cross-species infection of AIVs for poultry-related workers in Kinmen and Taiwan, 607 serum samples from both personnel in LBM and poultry farms were collected. Modified hemagglutinin inhibition test and 1 unit of hemagglutinin (HA) of A/duck/Taiwan/LBM01/2005 (H5N2) isolated from October of 2005 from the same LBM were used for screening first, and then the seropositive samples (HI serotiter>40) were then reconfirmed by different serological tests such as microneutralization assay (MN) and western blot. In virological surveillance, ducks had higher isolation rate of AIVs than that of chickens [12.02% (97/807) vs 0.27% (3/1117), p<0.05]. Among all subtypes, H4 was the highest (79/100, 79%), followed by H5 (29/100, 29%), H1 (17/100, 17%), H6 (9/100, 9%), H2 (5/100, 5%), and no H7 (0/100, 0%) was found. Peaking month of these AIVs was February 2006, the low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) (H5N2) viruses were isolated almost monthly from the LBM. Additionally, multiple subtypes of AIVs were also continuously co-circulating in different months, and H4 and H5 subtypes were most frequently [4%(79/1924) and 2%(29/1924)]. The analysis of phylogenetic trees of HA gene found that those isolated Taiwan’s H5N2 viruses in LBM during Oct 2005-Oct 2006 clustered as an independent group, totally separated from the HPAI H5N1 isolates from Southeast Asia, America and Europe during 1997-2006. Most importantly, our LBM isolated H5N2 viruses were quite different from the 2003 LPAI H5N2 implying that recent LPAI H5N2 viruses have possibly been adapted as Taiwan local strains and circulated in Taiwan LBM for a long time. Among 598 serum samples without auto-agglutination collected from poultry workers (mean+SD of age: 46±11.5 years, males: females = 7:3) in Taiwan and Kinmen during October 2005 to January 2007 with available information and their serum samples without auto-agglutination were tested for their antibodies against [A/Duck/Taiwan/LBM01/2005(H5N2)]. The results showed that the overall seroprevalence rate of the 566 participated poultry-related workers against this LPAI H5N2 virus was 23.5% (133/566). Univariate analysis found that the major risk factors of those workers were age and occupation. The odds ratios (ORs) of poultry-related workers older than 52-year-old and 40~52 year-old were 3.14 [95% confidence interval (C.I) =1.82-5.43, p<0.0001) and 1.79 (95% C.I) =1.03-3.11, p=0.038), respectively compared to those younger than 40 year-old. In occupation, the ranking of the risk to acquire the infection of this H5N2 were swine farmers [OR=21.6, 95% CI.=3.94-118, p<0.0001] followed by LBM workers [OR=4.87, 95% CI, 1.46-16.2, p=0.005]; government officials [OR=4.33, 95% CI.=1.14-16.5, p=0.02], duck farmers [OR=3.94, 95% CI.=1.06-14.6, p=0.03], and chicken farmers [OR=1.66, 95% CI.=0.45-6.11, p=0.44]. Most interesting is workers who were responsible for cleaning (OR=2.50, 95% CI. =0.19-32.20, p=0.47), selling (OR=2.39, 95% CI. =0.27-21.29, p= 0.42), organ processing (OR=2.50, 95% CI. =0.21-29.25, p= 0.46) and slaughtering (OR=1.82, 95% CI. =0.19 -17.19, p=0.60) had higher risk for infection of this H5N2 compared to their family members. No statistically significant was found in the relationship between the infection and other variables such as frequency of wearing personal equipments, having animal farms near home, buying pets, traveling within six month or having ILI symptoms within three months. In conclusion, we found the LBM workers had exposed to LPAI H5 viruses for several months, and positive antibodies against this LPAI H5N2 virus indeed were identified in poultry-related workers. Up to now, Taiwan is a HPAI H5N1-free area. While China and other counties in Southeast Asia have had HPAI H5N2 outbreaks, we should make the most efforts to prevent introduction and subsequent outbreaks of avian influenza in Taiwan. We should continuous the surveillance in the LBM due to three important characters, such as LBM is the avian-human interface, co-circulating multiple subtypes and LPAI H5 viruses presented in Taiwan LBM. The most efficient prevention and control of AI in the future relies on sincere collaborations among government agencies, public and teaching/research institutes. | en |
dc.description.provenance | Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-08T05:59:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ntu-96-R94842009-1.pdf: 1235202 bytes, checksum: 42d9b2a1256369829d9456e514f7e1c5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 | en |
dc.description.tableofcontents | Chinese Acknowledgements (致謝) ……………………………...………….i
English Abstract ………………………………….………………………...……..ii Chinese Abstract (中文摘要) ………………………………………...………...v Figure Contents ………………………………………................................…...viii Table Contents ........................................................................................................ix Chapter 1 Introduction .......................................................................................1 Chapter 2 Literature Review ..............................................................................4 2.1 Avian Influenza Viruses ....................................................................................4 2.1.1 AIVs in General ..........................................................................................4 2.1.2 HPAI vs LPAI .............................................................................................4 2.2 Epidemiology of Avian Influenza in Animal Populations …………….…..5 2.2.1 Global Significant …………………………………………….…………..5 2.2.2 Seasonality of AIVs ………………………………………………………...5 2.2.3 Prevalence of Subtypes of AI Viruses in Different Host Species in Live-Bird Markets………...……………………………………………….....6 2.2.4 Taiwan’s Virological Surveillance of AIVs in the Past ...........................6 2.3 Seroepidemiological Studies of High Risk Populations to Acquire the Infection of AIVs…..……………………………………………………………...7 2.3.1 Global Significance ………………………………………………………7 2.3.2 Seroprevalence of Avian Influenza among Poultry Workers………...……8 2.3.3 Seroprevalence Rate of Avian Influenza among Other High Risk Group...………………………………………………………………….….....8 2.3.4 Avian Influenza and the Serological Investigation in Taiwan ...............9 2.3.5 Laboratory Serological Methods …………………………………......10 2.4 Summary of Seroepidemiolgical Studies on Major Risk Factors in Human for Acquiring the Infection of AIVs…………………………………………...11 Chapter 3 Objectives, Specific Aims and Hypotheses …………….....13 3.1 Objectives ……………………………………………………………………...13 3.2 Specific Aims ……………………………………………………........................13 3.3 Hypotheses ……………………………………………………………………...13 Chapter 4 Materials and Methods ………………………………………….16 4.1 Virological Surveillance of AIVs in One Live-Bird Market (LBM) in Taiwan…………………………………………………………………………....16 4.1.1 Sources of the Poultry in One Wholesale LBM ……………………......16 4.1.2 Study Design, Sampling and Virus Isolation ………………………….17 4.1.3 Virus Identification …………………………………………………......18 4.1.4 Sequencing and Phylogenetic Analysis of H5 AIVs …………………18 4.2 Serological Investigation on the infection of 2005 Taiwan’s LPAI H5N2 among Poultry Workers in Taiwan…………………………...………….…...19 4.2.1 Sources of Viruses ……………………………………………….…….19 4.2.2 Participant Enrollment and Study Population ………………….……20 4.2.3 Serological Testing …………………………………………………......20 4.2.4 Statistical Analysis …………………………………………………......22 Chapter 5 Results ……………………………………………………………..23 5.1 Virological Surveillance of AIVs in Live-Bird Markets (LBMs) in Taiwan 5.1.1 Demographic Descriptions of the Avian Hosts with Fecal Swabs Collected from One Large-Scaled LBM during Oct. 2005-Oct. 2006...……...…..…23 5.1.2 Prevalence Rates of AIVs among Commercial Poultry within One LBM in Taiwan…………………..………………………………………………...24 A. Prevalence Rates of AIVs among Different Avian Species and Breeds…. 24 B. Prevalence Rates of AIVs in Different Geographical Sources of Avian.......25 5.1.3 Subtypes of Avian Influenza Hemagglutinin (HA) gene ……….……. 25 5.1.4 Seasonality of AIVs and Different Subtypes in One Live-Bird Market in Taiwan…………………...............................................................27 5.1.5 Characteristics of Low Pathogenic AIVs H5 (LPAI H5) Isolated ….. ... 27 5.1.6 Phylogenetic Analysis of Taiwan’s H5 Viruses Isolates ……………..... 28 A. Neighbor-Joining (NJ) Method ……………………………………......28 B. Nucleotide Sequences Identity between the 2005-2006 Taiwan’s H5N2 Isolates and Other H5 Viruses in Taiwan and Other Parts of the World………………….…………………………………………………29 5.2 Serological Investigation on the Infection of the 2005 Taiwan’s LPAI H5N2 among Poultry-Related Workers…………………………………..…..……….30 5.2.1 Demographic Analysis of the Study Subjects …………………………30 5.2.2 Seroprevalence and Seroincidence Rates of the 2005 Taiwan’s LPAI H5 among Poultry-Related Workers ……………….………….…………...... 30 5.2.3 Analysis of Risk/Protection Factors between the LPAI H5 HI Seropositive and Seronegative Poultry-Related Workers………………………………31 5.2.4 Asymptomatic Ratio of the 2005 LPAI H5 infection among Poultry-Related Workers………………………………………………………………………33 5.2.5 Cohort Analysis on the 2005 LPAI H5N2 Infection among LBM Workers with Paired Serum Collected….....................................................................34 5.2.6 Comparison of Different Serological Assays to Detect Human Antibodies against H5 Viruses…..………………………………………...…………….35 A. Modified HI Test versus Microneutralization Assay Using Taiwan’s 2005 LPAI H5N2 Isolates….………….………….………………………. 35 B. Modified HI Test Using LPAI H5N2 Isolate versus the Conventional HI Test and Virus Neutralization Assay Using Vietnam’s 2003 HPAI Recombinant H5N1 Strain……………………...…...………………..….. 36 Chapter 6 Discussion ………………………………………………………… 37 6.1 Surveillance of AIVs in LBMs in Taiwan versus Southern China and Other Countries…………………………………………………………………………..37 6.2 Molecular Epidemiology of H5 in Taiwan versus Other Parts of the World…………………………………………………………………………. 38 6.3 Seroepidemiology of AIVs in High Risk Populations .................................. 39 6.4 Comparison of Different Serological Test for Detecting Infection of AIVs in Human Populations……………………………………………...…………........ 41 6.5 Limitations …………………………………………………………………...... 41 6.6 Implication in Animal Disease Control and Public Health ………….........42 6.7 Future Directions ..............................................................................................43 6.7.1 Virological Investigation on AIVs in Live-Bird Markets in Taiwan .43 6.7.2 Serological Studies on the Infection of AIVs among Poultry-Related Workers…………………………………….………………………………..44 References ………………………………………………………………….........46 Figure ……………………………………………………………………………..54 Tables ……………………………………………………………………………..65 Appendix ………………………………………………………………………..100 Bibliography …………………………………………………………………... .111 | |
dc.language.iso | en | |
dc.title | 2005至2007年台灣與金門地區活禽市場與家禽工作業者
對家禽流行性感冒病毒的病毒與血清學偵測 | zh_TW |
dc.title | Virological and Serological Surveillance of Avian Influenza Viruses in Live-Bird Markets and Poultry-Related Workers in Taiwan and Kinmen during 2005-2007 | en |
dc.type | Thesis | |
dc.date.schoolyear | 95-2 | |
dc.description.degree | 碩士 | |
dc.contributor.oralexamcommittee | 何美鄉(Mei-Shang Ho),王金和(Ching-Ho Wang),蔡向榮(Hsiang-Jung Tsai),高全良(Chuan-Liang Kao) | |
dc.subject.keyword | 台灣家禽流行性感冒病毒偵測,H5N2,禽畜人員,活禽市場,血清偵測,流行病學,危險因子,禽流感防治, | zh_TW |
dc.subject.keyword | surveillance,live-bird market,epidemiology,multiple subtypes of avian influenza viruses,H5N2,co-circulation,hemagglutinin inhibition test,microneutralization assay,seroprevalence,poultry workers,risk factor,zoonosis,Taiwan, | en |
dc.relation.page | 112 | |
dc.rights.note | 未授權 | |
dc.date.accepted | 2007-07-31 | |
dc.contributor.author-college | 公共衛生學院 | zh_TW |
dc.contributor.author-dept | 流行病學研究所 | zh_TW |
顯示於系所單位: | 流行病學與預防醫學研究所 |
文件中的檔案:
檔案 | 大小 | 格式 | |
---|---|---|---|
ntu-96-1.pdf 目前未授權公開取用 | 1.21 MB | Adobe PDF |
系統中的文件,除了特別指名其著作權條款之外,均受到著作權保護,並且保留所有的權利。