台美日國家文化下工作價值觀之探討

Abstract

本研究的主要目的為在不同的國家文化下，以工作價值觀為關注焦點，探討工作價值觀對員工工作態度（包含工作滿足及組織承諾）的關聯性；以及探討不同的國家文化與工作價值觀之關聯。此外，本研究將「國家文化」變項作為調節因子，進一步檢視此變項對於工作價值觀與工作後果變項間之調節效果。本研究使用2005年國際社會調查計畫（International Social Survey Program, ISSP）調查工作取向的模組（ISSP Module on Work Orientation）之資料庫進行分析，選用台灣、美國、日本三國之全國性樣本調查結果作為研究對象：台灣樣本數為2,171人，美國樣本數為1,518人，日本樣本數為921人，總樣本數為4,610人。 研究結果顯示，工作價值觀可再細分成內、外在兩類工作價值觀。內在工作價值觀與工作滿足、組織承諾皆為正向關聯；外在工作價值觀與工作滿足、組織承諾皆為負向關聯。在台灣、美國及日本三國，不同的國家文化下，內、外在工作價值觀皆有顯著差異。本研究發現在工作價值觀與工作後果變項的關聯上具有跨文化普同性，據此建議跨國企業在管理各國子公司時，可依據工作者之工作價值觀進行相關人力資源制度之規劃，以提升員工工作滿足與組織承諾。

The aim of present study was to investigate work values among different national culture. One theme was to explore the relationships between work values and work attitude, such as job satisfaction and organizational commitment; another one was to explore the associations between work values and national culture. In addition, national culture were examined as possible moderating factors. The analyses were based on data from the 2005 International Social Survey Program (ISSP) Module on Work Orientation, which had a nationwide representative sample of 2,171 individuals in Taiwan, 1,518 individuals in America, 921 individuals in Japan, and 4,610 individuals in total. According to factor analysis, work values could be further subdivided into two types: intrinsic and extrinsic work values. Job satisfaction and organizational commitment had significantly positive relationships with intrinsic work values, but negative ones with extrinsic work values in general. Among Taiwan, America, and Japan, national culture had significantly influence on work values. However, the moderating effects of national culture were not significant. The study found that there were cultural universality in the relationship between work values and work-outcome variables. Accordingly, we suggested that the manager may lead MNCs by recruiting members with high intrinsic work values and low extrinsic work values, and enhancing employee job satisfaction and organizational commitment through organizational system.