差序格局社會中的政治獻金：華人文化制度下之行動者關係網絡

Abstract

在民主社會當中，「政治參與」是一種全民的權利，參與管道之一便是「政治獻金」。其顯示政治菁英權力的授予不再是由上而下，而是在相對公平競爭機制下進行政治資源的分配。我國《政治獻金法》通過後歷經多次修訂，希冀避免產生金權政治觀感並融入監察管制之概念。當團體格局制度面對差序格局行爲時，不論是總體鉅觀、個體微觀亦或居間互動層面，都可發現華人文化下制度設計以及行爲者在政治獻金中的關係建構所呈現之特別處。 本研究以政治獻金作爲分析場域，參照華人差序格局與西方權力菁英概念勾勒出理論運作模式，探討多元化社會中不同的行爲者如何藉由政治獻金管道以形塑一種關係網絡的連結，並轉化成一差異性累積的政治資本現象。本文先論述相關概念，並以此進行實證資料蒐集與分析，最後再修整或印證華人文化的意義。爲使觀點更不受限，本文結合質性與量化研究法，運用文獻調查、比較研究、文本詮釋、迴歸分析以及曲線估計，並加入網絡關係圖，再由多樣跨學科領域來建構出不同於以往傳統政治學研究的新思維。 研究發現差序格局文化在制度與行爲層面的影響無遠弗屆，而華人社會中的理性計量亦顯示政治獻金具選舉預測力。此外，政治獻金在個人部分呈現了性別男女大同小異、宗族上凝聚同宗與擴展異宗以及地緣從感性原鄉訴求過渡至理性選區判別；團體部分呈現了政商關係的合法建構、人民團體爲特定職業團體利益的延續以及政黨權力階層性高於政治菁英。政治獻金網絡更成爲一種浮現華人差序格局的關係顯學，以此可追尋出文化中隱身於都市中的經濟菁英。建議民主政治發展需將法制層面架構再造，更符合公平、正義與多元化原則；賦權監察機制的獨立性，透過專業分工法源、透明化運作與設立廉政機構以增強功能；另由教育價值導向來重現立基於華人文化下之格局思維的回歸與超越。

'Political participation' is the right for citizens in democracy, people can involve in 'political contributions' to show that power is no longer a top-down design. The Political Donations Act passed and with several amendments avoid the perception of timocracy politics and lead into the concept of control. When the system of group layout goes with the behavior of disparate layout, regardless of the macro-overall, micro-individual or meso-interactive, the Chinese culture can be discovered. This study bases on theories of Chinese disparate layout and Western power elites to build the model, discussing the relation networks in a pluralistic society by political contributions. With quantitative and quantitative research methods, like literature survey, comparative and hermeneutic ones, regression analysis, curve estimation and network graphs, interdisciplinary combinations create a new thinking for political sciences. The findings stand for the influence of disparate layout is from far and wide; contributions can predict the event of election; contributions from different actors maintain several crucial traditional aspects, such as gender, clan and geopolitics; the legal construction connects political and economic elites by contributions; groups are the extensions of special business interests; parties are still above political power elites, and networks of political contributions emerge the hidden economic elites. The development of democracy depends on legal framework more with fairness, justice and the principle of pluralism; empowerment of the Control Yuan with more independence, through the professional division of law, transparent operations and the establishment of Independent Commission Against Corruption; educational value to reproduce the layout of Chinese culture, not only return but beyond the tradition.