西藏政治犯所受到的司法迫害和國際人權救援

Abstract

自1959年以來，中國正式佔領西藏已有58年；在威權政體的統治之下，藏人如同中國境內其他人民，在政治與公民權利層面遭受剝奪；另一方面，由於西藏不同於漢人的少數民族文化，使得中國當局基於統治需求而刻意進行名為現代化、實際上為漢化的同化政策，使得他們在文化、語言、宗教信仰的自由受大幅度限制。在西藏境內，就算只是推動基本人權，仍舊遭到殘酷手段打壓；甚至因為民族議題的敏感性，許多在西藏發生、與政治無關的維權活動，會比中國國內漢人地區發生的維權事件更容易上綱到國家安全的層級，受到更強力的迫害。 在這個背景之下，本研究透過各人權團體、援藏組織與媒體所收集的資料，描繪出西藏政治犯受到中國當局系統性迫害的過程與脈絡；以中國刑事司法程序為經，西藏政治犯個案為緯，對中國政權如何藉由偵查、審判、執行等刑事司法過程，迫害藏人的人權，描繪出比零碎事件更為明確有力的整體「圖像」與「故事」，並且分析中國當局的迫害過程中每個步驟，實務上如何違反中國刑事司法相關法律與國際人權公約。另外，本研究回顧中國對來自國際社會的人權機制、倡議、普世人權價值的回應，爬梳其近年來對人權的重新詮釋與發展，並從西藏政治犯的證詞中，觀察國際人權倡議的效用，並提出對國際人權倡議推動西藏人權的一點建議。

Tibet has been occupied by China for 58 years since 1959. The civil and political rights of Tibetans are deprived as same as the rights of other ethnic groups living under the authoritarian regime. However, due to their significantly different culture, history and other backgrounds from Han Chinese, the Chinese authority has implemented overall assimilative policies in the name of modernization, which severely threatened their rights to culture, language and religion. Advocating on the basic rights of Tibetans in Tibet usually results in cruel crackdowns. To make it worse, Chinese authority would easily consider it as a threat on national security, which makes Tibetans face persecution worse than the Han Chinese counterparts. Under such backgrounds, the research portrays the process of Tibetan political prisoners being systematically persecuted by Chinese authority with the information from human rights organizations, Tibet groups and media. It depicts the comprehensive image of how Chinese authority use the criminal procedure such as investigation, trial and punishment to oppress the rights of Tibetans; it also examines each stage of the process on how it violates the domestic laws of China and the international human rights standards. Furthermore, the research reviews Chinese authority’s response to international human rights mechanisms and campaigns, and the universal human right values, and elaborates the Chinese’s re-interpretation on the definition and content of human rights. The research also observes the effect of international human rights campaigns through the testimony and story of Tibetan political prisoners, and attempts to raise a few suggestions on the human rights campaigns for Tibet.