多樣態僱用對我國勞動安全之影響及因應之道

Abstract

在後工業社會因生產技術的創新與生產模式的變動，企業對勞動力需求改採行彈性化策略。企業的人力僱用彈性，包括縮減全時、長期人力的比重；增加短期性、臨時性、或部份工時的人力的比重，以及使用派遣勞工或採用外包承攬的自僱者。此ㄧ趨勢導致工業社會時期所建構之勞動法制，所試圖保障勞動者之勞動「安全」變得「不安全」。本研究認為後工業社會勞動不安全與企業人力資源彈性策略有關。為因應後工業社會後福特主義生產模式與全球化經濟發展之需，企業以即時現成的方式取得生產技術、知識，降低生產成本，提升競爭力，如此，使得勞動市場趨向彈性化，除威脅已受僱勞動者在工作職場上之聘僱、職務及工作的安全外，也不利於勞動者集體意識與力量的形成。勞動者一方面無法有穩定的就業環境，也無法藉由集體力量的途徑，避除勞動生活所面臨的風險，故勞動安全的保障，更需要藉助於政府的職能。 本研究強調在後工業社會中勞動安全的問題，除與企業對勞動人力之彈策略有關，也與生活世界中勞動地位的變化有關。人類勞動的歷史過程：「前」工業社會、工業社會，到現今的「後」工業社會。即從自古為生活而勞動，到工業社會因機械的發明而有集約、固定式的「就業」勞動，到後工業社會變動、即時式的「工作」勞動。因此，後工業社會為因應環境變動，包括產品市場、勞動市場等的變動；勞動者的勞動與勞動安全的形式與內容，必需或被迫要改變與調整。首先，就勞動形式的改變言，在工業社會中以薪資受僱為企業員工之勞動生活的常態，而在後工業社會中許多的經濟活動卻是變動的，對人力的需求變得彈性，長期受僱的「就業」不再是典型常態。工業社會所形成受僱員工在提供勞動之勞動從屬性，其形態在後工業社會雖出現變化，但勞動從屬程度並未因不同的僱用型態而有減輕；其次，因經濟活動的改變，出現勞動安全項目的交換：以職務不安全交換聘僱安全；以所得不安全交換聘僱安全；以聘僱不安全交換勞動市場安全。因此，政府勞動安全保障之底線應在促進勞動市場的安全。故本研究建議有四： 1.有關勞動法制之因應：去（限縮）勞動保護法制，以鼓勵企業之人力僱用； 2.再管制（擴大）勞動社會法制，以對非受僱身分勞動者之社會保障； 3.促進就業市場安全之勞動政策與政府行政； 4.未來研究：新貧者的社會救助與社會安全制度的國家財政問題

Currently, mass unemployment has become a principal public topic in Taiwan , and in the most countries too. Concerning the workers labor security, there are two totally different views on the government policy . The one is those who believe that a more flexible of labor market makes easier people to get a job . So less labor protection regulations is the way that Taiwan government should do . The another one is those who oppose the view above, and emphasize facing while mass unemployment , the worker are in more forms of labor insecurity（labor market insecurity, employment insecurity, job insecurity, work insecurity , income insecurity. So the government should take more active actions ,to help worker to get raid of the risk of unemployment , including other labor insecurity . In labor laws, the employment contract is based on the labor subordination . The worker is bonded to the employer to whom his services are delivered. This concept is corresponds with the language“ Fordist model“ of industrial relations, that means a large industrial unit engaging in mass production ,based on a deeply specialization of jobs , competencies and pyramidal management. And the model has largely dominanted the whole industrial society in the world. The core feature of the Fordist model is standard full-timeand non-temporary wage contracts. However, It is hardly important today, when so called “ post industrial society “ omes , and post-Fordist model has become the main trend in the business environment in the 21st century . Therefore , the more flexible strategy of human resource management , and the more diversify of employment patterns. The trend, become the employer diversified employment patterns and the government de-regulation labor protection have made and speeded the growth of labor flexibility. A highly flexible labor system arises a high degree of five forms of labor in-security . Flexibility means that workers have to face more uncertainty and risk. For many ,but not all, that means a net loss in terms of job and employment security, and most of all in terms of income security and stability. Indeed, one of the most interesting aspects of the growth of labor flexibility has been the implicit trade-off between different forms of security. For example, the trade off between a greater degree of job security and a less employment security trades off for employment security. However, the growth of labor market insecurity , through mass unemployment , has surely accelerated the growth of other forms of insecurity. Two actions should be taken by Taiwan government : one is in the labor law regulations ; another is in administration . In labor laws aspect : to do de-regulation of labor protection laws and to do re-regulation of labor social welfare laws; in administration : to take more actions on job creation and to promote the economic context for people doing small firms which are so call social business enterprise. Both of them will help people to get or to make their own work, instead of being employed by the company. During to paied of modifying the labor laws mentioned above, the government should have to re-think , which is the ideal trade off of labor security , for instance : job in-security trades off for employment ; income in-security trades off for employment security ; employment in-security trades off labor market security.