劉宋學風研究

Abstract

本文旨在考察劉宋學風全貌，並找出劉宋學風的特質。劉宋時期較受到關注者，首先是其特殊歷史背景，處於門閥政治與中央集權轉換之際；史學方面的成就極高，史注觀念轉變及史學評論發達，引人注目；文學方面則有顏延之、謝靈運、鮑照「元嘉三大家」為中流砥柱，是中國文學史必書的重點，不過這些要點多半獨立論述，突顯個別的重要性，未放入劉宋整個時代背景之中，或是以整個「南朝」為討論單位，劉宋六十年間的變化卻隱沒不顯。 劉宋時期，學術文化各方面皆有發展，除了文、史特盛，經學、子學、玄學相對而言，雖然成就並非極輝煌，但是仍有其階段性意義；佛教亦盛極當代，理論研究上亦有創建，引領佛教走上本土化的道路。佛教的興盛甚至帶動陸修靜改革道教。然而，關於佛教的發展一般多半置於「南朝」整體脈絡以觀察。本研究擬綜合以上所述經學、史學、子學、文學、佛道各面向的發展，以劉宋時代為主要場景，探討這些文化現象如何在劉宋時代裡交互作用。 在劃分學術區塊討論時，全文歸納為四個部份：其一，論劉宋時代的政治背景，焦點在於中央皇權與士族門閥間的相抗與制衡；其二，論劉宋時期經史的復興，探討經學振興的貢獻，兼及玄學的衰落及餘波，論子學的沒落及「以史作子」的意圖；其三，論劉宋文風的轉變，特色是巧構形似、用典繁密、出現大量擬作以及聲色的自覺；最後論佛教的復興，包括社會各階層的參與，佛學研究中的「形神之爭」與「頓悟漸悟」之說。各部份都試圖保持客觀的瞻矚，掌握時代的特性，結論中則試圖觸及劉宋一代學風的特質，為所有現象找出貫串的線索。

This thesis will aim to explore the full view of academia and culture of Liu-Song Dynasty; and further, find out characteristics of academia and culture of Liu-Song dynasty. Generally speaking, scholars focus their eyes on the background of Liu-Song dynasty. Formerly, emperors and nobles contended for the political power; the explanation and commentary of the historical records were creatively. Yan Yan-Zhi, Xie Lin-Yuen and Bao Zao were three important literary authors during the Yuan Jia period. The researches above-mentioned were discussed alone and the whole historical background were excluded. Therefore, many changes in sixty years were unapparent. During Liu-Song period, academia and culture are developing. Achievements have meanings of intergrade even they are not brilliant. Buddhism and theories are popular in Liu-Song dynasty. Buddhism are beginning Sinicized. Besides, Taoism is also reformed. The research will combine the developments of every aspects such as the classics, Historiography, Zi Xue, literature, Buddhism and Taoism and discuss how these phenomenon interwork in Liu-Song dynasty. There will be four sections observed in the thesis. First, the competition between emperors and nobles has influence on the customs. Second, The Classics and Historiography revive, besides, philosophy and Zi Xue decline in this period. Third, writing realistically, using allusions, learning extensively and simulating become distinguishing features in literature. Forth, each social class participates in religion. Religious studies are proceeded. When each part of the research is commanded, the spirit passes through the times will appear.