「中」梵關係正常化及其對臺灣之影響

Abstract

自1949年中國與臺灣兩岸分治，教廷對華之外交政策一分為二，兩岸並進，迄90年代中國欲與國際接軌，為獲國際認同，始願與教廷接觸，惟建交談判迄今未果，係因共產黨理論與神學本質上之衝突。梵「中」外交關係不僅植基於雙邊外交上的籌碼，尚有兩國內部因素及意識形態左右。既有研究多集中在探討臺梵雙邊關係，而中國的研究則集中在天主教進入都市後的變化、而國外研究則較客觀聚焦於梵「中」實際建交的因素，鮮少關注臺梵「中」三邊關係。本文採取歷史文獻法，蒐集、統整、研析國內外文獻及傳播媒體資料，透過梳理臺梵「中」外交的關係脈絡、比較梵「中」的外交博弈策略及評估對臺灣之影響，並探討近年來中國與教廷亟欲建立外交關係相關之癥結與對臺灣之影響。 首先，本文梳理梵「中」關係，可分做四階段，包含若望保祿二世離世前的接觸期、北京奧運前的對話期、奧運後的停滯期與方濟各上臺後的務實期。梵「中」談判伊始，甚至未談到建交，僅在教宗訪華就無法妥協，本篤十六世上臺後，願與在維持教廷普世教權的前提下與中國建交。惟奧運後中國冀與教廷建交提升國際形象的誘因不再，梵「中」進入停滯期。嗣方濟各以多元懷柔手段與重新建立梵「中」共識，終至達成梵「中」主教任命臨時協議。 再者，本研究區分影響梵「中」建交因素為，中國內部因素，比如：意識形態、地緣政治等；教廷內部因素，比如：教宗思維、內部衝突等及梵「中」交互作用下的因素，比如：主教任命、中國境內傳福音等，綜觀目前局勢，兩國內部因素在「梵『中』主教任命臨時協議」簽署後暫時緩和，但在「中」美貿易戰的現狀下，地緣政治因素將會升高梵「中」建交困難度。 最後，本研究根基於臺灣立場探討我國在梵「中」關係演進之角色，訪談與教廷或天主教有官方及教務上之連結的三位人員，透過訪談發現臺灣處境並不樂觀，梵「中」已經建立合作管道，惟臺灣在困境中尚能依靠自由民主、普世人權，嘗試鞏固臺梵關係。本研究發現臺梵「中」關係一直處於動態變化，臺灣在梵「中」談判建交中所佔之角色不大，而梵「中」已經逐漸朝向建交方向聚焦，臺灣應思考臺梵斷交後持續透由天主教務作為連結教廷的手段。

After China and Taiwan were devided by the Taiwan Strait in 1949, the policy of the Holy See's diplomatic relations with China has splitted into two parts. Since the 1990s, China has been eager to link up with the world. In order to earn recognition in the worldwide, China has been willing to interact with the Holy See. However, the establishment of diplomatic relations has not been achieved so far, which is mainly due to the conflict between theory of Communist Party and theological essence. This study aims to 1) organize the historical context of diplomatic relations among Taiwan, the Holy See and China, 2) compare the diplomatic game and strategies between China and the Holy See and evaluate its influence on Taiwan, and 3) explore the related problems of China's desire to establish diplomatic relations with the Holy See in recent years and its impact on Taiwan. This study analysis the relationship between China and Vatican and divides it into four stages, including the contact period before Pope John Paul II passed away, the dialogue period before the Beijing Olympics, the stagnation period after the Olympics, and the pragmatic period after Pope Francis became the papacy. In the beginning of the negotiation between China and Vatican, the establishment of diplomatic relations was not even discussed. It was unable to compromise only in the issue of the Pope visiting China. After Pope Benedict XVI began his papacy, he was willing to establish diplomatic relation with China under the premise of maintaining ecumenical religious power of the Holy See. However, the incentives of the establishment of diplomatic relation with the Holy See as a promotion of international image were no longer existed after the Olympics. China and Vatican have got into stagnation period. Pope Francis has adopted diverse and conciliating strategies, with re-establishing the Sino-Vatican consensus, and finally reached the Provisional Agreement on Appointment of Bishops Signed between China. Furthermore, this study differentiated the factors affecting the establishment of the Sino-Vatican relations into three factors: internal factor of Chinese Communist Party, the internal factor of the Vatican and the factor of Sino-Vatican interactions. Comprehensively, in the current situation, the internal factors of the two countries are temporarily eased after signing the “Provisional Agreement on Appointment of Bishops Signed between China.” However, under the current situation of China–United States trade war, geopolitical factors will increase the difficulty of establishing diplomatic relations between China and Vatican. At last, this study is based on Taiwan's position to explore the role of Taiwan in the progress of Sino-Vatican relations. This study further interviewed three members who are officially or religiously related to the Holy See or the Catholic Church. Through interviews, this study found that Taiwan's situation is not optimistic. China and Vatican have established a cooperative pathway. However, Taiwan can still rely on liberty, democracy and universal human right in our predicament to try to consolidate Taiwan-Vatican relations. In sum, this study found that the relationship among China, Vatican and Taiwan has always been in a dynamic state. Taiwan plays a small role in the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and Vatican, while China and Vatican have gradually moved towards the establishment of diplomatic relations. Hence, Taiwan should consider the strategy of connection to the Holy See through Catholic religious affairs after Taiwan and Vatican break off.