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標題: | 北宋詠史詩的亂世人物書寫 The Figures of Troubled Times in the Historical Odes of Northern Song |
作者: | Ding-Hong Hsieh 謝定紘 |
指導教授: | 黃奕珍(Yi-Jen Huang) |
關鍵字: | 北宋,詠史詩,亂世,仕隱,功業,道德,正統, Northern Song Dynasty,Historical odes,Troubled times,Service and retreat,Achievements,Morality,Orthodoxy, |
出版年 : | 2020 |
學位: | 碩士 |
摘要: | 本文以北宋時期「亂世」主題的詠史詩為材料,嘗試透過「隱者」、「將相」、「君王」三個類別的詩作,歸納出北宋詩人看待亂世的史觀,並探討此一觀點與當時思潮有何呼應,在詩歌史的流變中又佔有何等地位。 在「安處亂世」一章中,本文以「先仕後隱」及「始終皆隱」的兩類隱者為研究對象,從而發現詩人在對「功成不居」、「急流勇退」頗為欽羨之餘,更顯著的現象為「忠」的凸顯,北宋詩人相較於唐代,更開創了以「忠君與否」褒文種、貶范蠡的寫作進路。在此情況下,歌詠屈原時自然同樣相當重視其忠節,甚至認為即便選擇出世,荷簑而隱亦應保有「獨醒」的內美。此一觀點蓋可連結至對隱者德行的重視,北宋詩歌的四皓、嚴光主題除了既有的保嫡、狂狷等寫作面向外,相較於過往之作顯然更為強調其道德「端正風俗、垂範後世」的影響力。同時正因為即使出世道德作用仍能有補於世,令士人在選擇「隱」後猶可心繫天下、保持「不忘其君」的忠君理念,從而結合道家思想脈絡下的「不忘其身」以及當時「吏隱」的風尚,達至兼顧二者,對仕隱無適無莫的理想「安處」型態。 在「評價亂世」一章中則以「為官者」作研究對象,分為「道德」與「功業」兩條進路探討北宋詩人對歷史名臣的評價標準。就「道德」層面言,北宋詩人無論在「歌詠面向」抑或「人物題材」上皆頗有創新,是故伍子胥之「忠孝」以及紀信、嚴顏之「忠節」,都在北宋詩歌中得到了唐人未有的關注。除了對「道德」之重視外,北宋詩人歌詠「功業」則有兩個意義:其一牽涉當時儒學復興的時代背景,雖然「內聖外王」是儒者的追求目標,但相較之下「內聖」仍有其優先性,是故時人面對功臣即便無從否認其功,但在功業的背後卻隱含了道德的標準。其二則是對英雄功業的追求,此一特徵雖然相較於南宋尚不明顯,但仍可由諸葛亮主題詩作見其端倪。北宋詩中的孔明已然成為范仲淹對自我「出將入相」的期許,若加上部分中「醜虜」一詞的使用,更可見其已儼然成為論兵、抗敵的寄託對象。 最後一章「解釋亂世」則將討論對象擴大為政權與天命。在以「道德」與「強盛」分類亂世的前提下,楚漢時期蓋可視為「順德者昌」的例證,致使「逆德」的項羽形象從悲劇英雄被醜化為敗者,劉邦則因身為相對有德的一方而在對比下成為「仁德之君」。另一方面,秦與三國則恰恰相反,強盛的始皇與曹魏皆是失德者,然而卻可掃蕩北方甚至一統天下,在此矛盾下,詩人轉而著眼於國祚甚短、為司馬氏所篡的事實,遂令二者成為「以力得天下難保長治久安」的例證,曹操的形象相較於唐代更被空前醜化,逐漸成為了「奸賊」。 透過全文之分析,顯然可見北宋詩人書寫亂世的最大共同特色,即是在書寫從「隱者」到「帝王」的各類人物時,對「道德」皆十分重視。固然此一特點不只反映在詩歌,《新五代史》、《資治通鑑》等歷史著作,乃至歐陽修、蘇軾等人對正統問題的討論亦皆或多或少受到道德化史觀的作用。然而,無論何者所受的影響卻不若詩歌般顯著且純粹,畢竟詠史詩相對於史書、正統論,較不受「記實」的責任、政治的力量左右,遂能更直接以「道德」的判準探討歷史人物仕隱的修養、功過之評價,乃至君王與政權天命的歸屬,直接改變了重「功利」之唐人觀點,甚至開創南宋詩人詠史的新視角。 This dissertation focuses on the figures of troubled times in the historical odes of Northern Song in order to summarize the general historical viewpoints of the poets. The result is that the poets of Northern Song always emphasize the figures’ morality. This could be revealed in the following three types of odes based on different themes. The first type is about the ancient hermits. The poets pay much more attention to whether the figures are loyal or not than the poets of Tang Dynasty do. They not only emphasize the loyalty of Fan Li (范蠡) , Wen Zhong (文種) and Qu Yuan (屈原), but also are interested in the positive influence of The Four Sages of Shang Shan (商山四皓) and Yan Guang (嚴光). Therefore, the literati of Northern Song are able to put it into practice by living in seclusion and keeping their loyalty to the emperor at the same time. It is undoubtedly an solution to service or retreat. And it also indicates the ideal of combining Taoist thoughts with 'anchoret living of bureaucracy (吏隱)' in Northern Song. The second one is about the chancellors. The evaluation criteria for historical chancellors in this time changes from “achievements” to “virtues”. The poets of Northern Song pay unprecedented attention to the loyalty and filial piety of Wu Zixu (伍子胥) and loyal chancellors such as Ji Xin (紀信) and Yan Yan (嚴顏) who are not the targets of previous poets. Although the poets still praise the merits of other heroes, they now regard morality as the most important evaluation criterion. The last one is about political power and divine destiny. The poets like to describe how a regime rules the world by moral methods and see it as a fulfilled plan of divine destiny. So Liu Bang (劉邦) becomes a virtuous emperor while Ying Zheng (嬴政) and Cao Cao (曹操) are strong but evil. This theory is verified by the fact that both Qin (秦) and Cao Wei (曹魏) Dynasty only last for a few decades. The images of Cao Cao (曹操) and Xiang Yu (項羽) thus are vilified and no longer regarded as heroes as they are in Tang Dynasty. It is obvious that the most distinctive feature of the historical odes of Northern Song is the emphasis on morality while dealing with ancient characters. This feature not only directly changes Tang people's utilitarian viewpoint but also creates a new perspective for the poets of Southern Song Dynasty. |
URI: | http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/17088 |
DOI: | 10.6342/NTU202002607 |
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顯示於系所單位: | 中國文學系 |
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