台灣縣市稻米效率與生產力分析

Abstract

本研究使用資料包絡法及Malmquist生產力指數法評估各縣市之稻米生產效率及跨期生產力變化。研究樣本為行政院農業委員會農糧署之「稻穀生產成本調查報告」彙整之2007-2012年各縣市區域的生產成本及產量資料，以稻穀產量做為產出變數，工資、設算地租、肥料費以及種苗費為投入變數，分析台灣地區15縣市區域稻米之相對效率及生產力。同時使用Tobit迴歸模型研究「土地」、「資本」、「農藥費」及地理位置等環境因素對於生產效率之影響。 本研究實證結果發現，在第一、二期稻作中，嘉義縣市皆為表現最佳之區域縣市，達到技術效率及柏拉圖最適境界；宜蘭縣無第二期稻作生長，在第一期稻作中達到技術效率，因此本研究將宜蘭縣及嘉義縣市同列為台灣地區稻米生產縣市之參考標竿；新竹縣市為相對表現最差之區域縣市。種苗費為未達技術效率的縣市幾乎都需調整的投入費用，工資為都市地區之縣市最應調整的投入費用，而設算地租費用為中部地區縣市需控制之投入成本。生產力變動部分，第一期之稻作之生產力僅苗栗縣及台中市有所增加；第二期作中，各縣市之稻米生產力及技術變動皆處於進步的狀態；綜觀一二期稻作，所有生產力改變均來自技術變動。最後，本研究結果指出，「土地」、「北部地區」、「南部地區」及「高雄地區」對生產效率值有正的影響效果、「資本」對效率值有負的影響效果。

DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis) approach and Malmquist productivity index are conducted in this study to measure the efficiency and productivity of rice production in Taiwan’s counties. The study used wage, rent, fertility treatments cost and seeding cost as the input variables and rice production as the output variable from Taiwan Rice Production Cost Survey over the period 2007-2012. Tobit regressions are then used to identify the major elements including land, capital, pesticide use cost and factor of location shaping the efficiency performance. The result suggests that Chiayi area and Ilan county reached the technical efficiency and are the benchmarks for other counties; all counties which don’t reach the technical efficiency need to reduce seeding cost, the counties in the city area need to reduce the wages and the counties located in the central Taiwan need to reduce the rent cost. As for the productivity index analysis, in the first crop, rice productivity only grew in Miaoli county and Taichung city; in the second crop, every county shows the growth in the productivity, and the production capacity growth in both periods are from technique improvement. Last, Tobit regression result shows that land, northern area, southern area and Kaohsiung area have significant impact, but the capital has the negative influence in rice production efficiency.